Effects of APOE haplotypes and measures of cardiovascular risk over gender-dependent cognitive and functional changes in one year in Alzheimer's disease

ABSTRACT

Background: Illiteracy, high cerebrovascular risk and copies of APOE-ϵ4 are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease dementia (AD). We aimed to investigate the impacts of gender, education, coronary heart disease (CHD) risk and creatinine clearance variations, body mass index (BMI) and APOE haplotypes over the rates of cognitive and functional decline of AD in one year.

Methods: Consecutive outpatients with late-onset AD were assessed for gender, schooling, BMI and APOE haplotypes, variations in one year of creatinine clearance and Framingham projections of the 10-year absolute CHD risk, and prospective scores of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Clinical Dementia Rating Sum-of-Boxes (CDR-SOB), the Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Lawton's Scale for Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL).

Results: For 191 patients, mean age at AD onset was 73.26 ± 6.4 years-old, earlier for APOE-ϵ4/ϵ4 carriers (p = 0.0039). For women, higher BMI led to improvements in CDR-SOB (β = −0.091; p = 0.037) and MMSE (β = 0.126; p = 0.017) scores, while increased creatinine clearance was associated with improvements in ADL (β = 0.028; p = 0.012) and MMSE (β = 0.043; p = 0.039) scores and higher schooling led to faster worsening of IADL (β = −0.195; p = 0.022) scores. No variables impacted cognitive or functional decline for men, whereas copies of APOE-ϵ4 and the CHD risk had no significant effects whatsoever.

Conclusions: Higher BMI and creatinine clearance are protective regarding cognitive and functional decline for women, whereas higher cognitive reserve may lead to faster decline in instrumental functionality. APOE haplotypes affected the age at AD onset, but not cognitive or functional decline.

KEYWORDS:

• Activities of daily living
• Alzheimer disease
• cognition
• educational status
• risk factors

Disclosure statement

The authors declare no financial or other conflicts of interest related to this study.

Additional information

Funding

Funding was provided by CAPES – Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior [grant number1067/10]; FAPESP – The State of São Paulo Research Foundation [grant number 2015/10109-5].