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Psychoanalytic Theory and Technique

Violent emotions and the violence of life

 

ABSTRACT

The paper discusses the violence of emotions and the violent retaliation against the mind as a way of protecting oneself against overwhelming pain. Leaning on Bion's thinking, it is suggested that violence may be an outcome of a quantity of excitation that the individual is unable to elaborate mentally. This violence is often dormant, covered by a veneer of civilization. Thus, in analysis we may repeatedly be deluded by the patient's seemingly non-psychotic functioning. Prenatal experiences that were never mentally registered serve as a model for overwhelming, undreamt and undreamable experience, which may be encapsulated in an unrepressed unconscious. Such unmentalized emotional experience may be forcibly discharged, either outward through physical violence, perversions, addictions, etc., or inward into the body. However, it is not only the overwhelming experience that one tries to expel, but also the perceiving mind itself, which is attacked and fragmented in order to evade awareness of an intolerable emotional reality. Detailed clinical material will illustrate the temptation to remain blind to the violent emotions lurking behind, and the massive forces, in both analyst and patient, working against getting in touch with painful psychic reality.

Cet article traite de la violence émotionnelle, et des représailles violentes contre la psyché comme protection contre une accablante douleur. S’appuyant sur la pensée de Bion, il est proposé que la violence pourrait être le résultat d’une quantité d’excitation que l’individu est incapable d’élaborer psychiquement. Cette violence, souvent somnolente, est dissimulée par le placage qu’est la civilisation. Ainsi, au cours d’une psychanalyse, nous pouvons à maintes reprises être dupés par le fonctionnement apparemment non-psychotique du patient.

Les expériences prénatales, qui n’ont jamais été enregistrées psychiquement, deviennent maquette pour un vécu écrasant qui est inrêvé et inrêvable, mais qui reste capté dans un inconscient non refoulé. Un tel vécu émotionnel et psychiquement non-représenté pourrait être puissamment déchargé soit vers l’extérieur en violence physique, perversions, dépendances, etc., soit vers l’intérieur du corps. Ce n’est cependant pas seulement le vécu écrasant dont l’expulsion est tentée, mais aussi le psychisme lui-même qui en est conscient, et qui dès lors est attaqué et scindé pour échapper à la conscience d’une intolérable réalité émotionnelle.

Du matériel clinique précis illustrera la tentation de rester aveugle aux violentes émotions qui rôdent derrière, ainsi que ces puissantes forces, présentes également chez psychanalyste et patient, qui œuvrent contre une confrontation avec la douloureuse réalité psychique.

Dieser Beitrag erörtert die Gewalt von Gefühlen und den gewaltsamen Vergeltungsschlag gegen den Geist als eine Schutzmaßnahme gegen überwältigenden Schmerz. In Anlehnung an Bions Denken wird vorgebracht, dass Gewalt ein Ergebnis einer Erregungsmenge sein kann, die der Einzelne nicht geistig verarbeiten kann. Diese Gewalt schlummert häufig unter einer dünnen Schicht der Zivilisiertheit. Somit kann es vorkommen, dass wir in der Analyse wiederholt von dem scheinbar nicht psychotischen Funktionieren des Patienten irregeführt werden.

Vorgeburtliche Erlebnisse, die niemals geistig erfasst wurden, dienen als Muster für ein überwältigendes, ungeträumtes und unträumbares Erleben, das in ein nichtverdrängtes Unbewusstes eingekapselt sein kann. Ein solches unmentalisiertes emotionales Erleben kann sich gewaltsam entladen, entweder nach außen über körperliche Gewalt, Perversionen, Süchte usw., oder nach innen in den Körper. Es ist jedoch nicht allein das überwältigende Erleben, welches versucht wird zu vertreiben, sondern auch der erkennende Geist selbst, der angegriffen und fragmentiert wird, um zu vermeiden, sich einer unerträglichen Gefühlsrealität aussetzen zu müssen.

Ausführliches klinisches Material veranschaulicht, wie verführerisch es ist, die bei Analytiker und Patient wirkenden verborgenen gewalttätigen Gefühle sowie die machtvollen Kräfte zu übersehen, die dagegen arbeiten, eine Verbindung zur schmerzlichen psychischen Realität herzustellen.

L’articolo discute la violenza delle emozioni e gli attacchi altrettanto violenti che vengono rivolti contro la mente allo scopo di proteggersi da un dolore insopportabile. Sulla base del pensiero di Bion, si suggerisce qui che la violenza potrebbe essere l’espressione di quote di eccitamento che l’individuo non è in grado di elaborare sul piano mentale. Tale violenza è spesso in stato dormiente, nascosta dietro una patina di urbanità – cosa che in analisi può portarci ad essere ingannati dal funzionamento a prima vista non psicotico del paziente.

Le esperienze prenatali che, pur vissute, non sono mai state registrate a livello mentale possono servire da modello per concettualizzare quel tipo di esperienza soverchiante, non-sognata né sognabile che può alloggiare nell’inconscio non rimosso. Un’esperienza emotiva non mentalizzata di questo tipo può venire scaricata con forza o verso l’esterno – tramite la violenza fisica, le perversioni, le dipendenze ecc. – oppure verso l’interno direzionandola sul corpo. In ogni caso, ciò che si prova a evacuare non è soltanto l’esperienza travolgente ma la mente stessa che sarebbe preposta a percepirla, e che viene attaccata e frammentata in modo da sfuggire alla consapevolezza di una realtà emotiva intollerabile.

Il dettagliato materiale clinico qui proposto illustrerà la tentazione di restare ciechi di fronte a emozioni violente che covano sotto una calma di superficie, e inoltre di fronte alle forti spinte che sia nell’analista sia nel paziente tentano di ostacolare la presa di contatto con realtà psichiche dolorose.

En el presente artículo se examina la violencia de las emociones y la represalia violenta contra la mente como una forma de protección contra un dolour abrumador. Apoyándose en Bion, se sugiere que la violencia puede ser resultado de una magnitud de excitación que una persona no puede elaborar mentalmente. Esta violencia suele estar en letargo, revestida por un barniz de civilización. Por ello, en el análisis, uno puede ser repetidamente engañado por el aparente funcionamiento no psicótico del paciente.

Las experiencias prenatales que nunca fueron registradas mentalmente sirven de modelo a la experiencia abrumadora, no soñada e insoñable, que puede estar encapsulada en el inconsciente no reprimido. Esta experiencia emocional no mentalizada puede ser descargada a la fuerza, ya sea hacia el exterior, mediante la violencia física, las perversiones, las adicciones, etc., o hacia el interior, el cuerpo. Sin embargo, no solo se trata de expulsar la experiencia abrumadora sino también a la propia mente perceptora, la cual es atacada y fragmentada a fin de evadir la consciencia de una realidad emocional intolerable.

Se presenta material clínico detallado que ilustra la tentación de seguir ciegos a las emociones violentas acechantes, y las fuerzas masivas, tanto en el analista como en el paciente, que operan en contra del ponerse en contacto con la dolorosa realidad psíquica.

Notes

1 Bott Spillius (Citation1994) puts it aptly when she writes:

there are differences in the extent to which analysts believe that marked tendencies to attack positive relationships and/or to withdraw into self-sufficiency are innate or acquired, inherent or defensive. In my view this is a false opposition … What one can tell is how deep-rooted the patient's negative tendencies are in the present analytic situation, but this does not tell one whether the deep-rootedness is innate or acquired. (350)

2 An earlier phase in the analysis of this case was briefly discussed in a previous publication (Bergstein Citation2018).

3 I would like to reiterate that imaginative conjectures about primal mental states and the origin of the self serve not so much for discovering historical truth or recovering unconscious content, as for becoming aware of those inaccessible parts of our mind, and the unknowable origin of our personality.

4 Somnus in Roman mythology (Hypnos in the Greek version) is the son of Night and Darkness. His brother is Death (Thanatos). Both siblings live in the underworld. It is said that Somnus lives in a big cave, from which the river Lethe (Forgetfulness) comes and where night and day meet.

5 Levine (Citation2020), too, underscores the shift in emphasis seen in psychoanalysis regarding therapeutic action and analytic technique. He suggests that our attention has turned from a predominant focus on the uncovering or reintegrating of what was already represented, ideationally saturated in regard to meaning but hidden (i.e. repressed, disguised or split-off contents) to the creation, development and strengthening of psychic processes – representation, containment, symbolization, associational linkage – that allow for the emergence and creation of “true thought” and meaning.

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