283
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
History of Psychoanalysis

A forgotten review by Sándor Ferenczi: “Otto Gross: Three essays on internal conflict” (1920)

&
 

ABSTRACT

In early 1920, Otto Gross published his last book, Three Essays on Internal Conflict, almost at the same time as “Beyond the pleasure principle”, in which Freud revised his drive theory. Gross was one of the most brilliant analysts of the “first generation”, but he had spent more than 10 years outside the psychoanalytic movement, and no one showed any interest in his publications except Ferenczi, who immediately wrote a critical review that has never been translated into English. Here we present the first English translation of Ferenczi’s review, “Otto Gross. Three essays on internal conflict” (1920), first published in Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse. In this review, Ferenczi shows a great deal of interest in the new approach proposed by Gross based on the recently discovered “hospitalism syndrome”, identifying the “instinct (or drive) for contact” as the origin of infantile sexuality. This review reveals a key moment in the trajectory of Ferenczi’s work, when he took a definitive turn towards investigating early relationships and towards a renewed focus on the trauma factor. This illuminates the rest of his psychoanalytic work and formed the foundations for the attachment and relational approach in psychoanalysis.

Au début des années vingt, Otto Gross publia son dernier livre, Trois essais sur le conflit interne, ce qui coïncidait à peu de chose près avec la parution d’Au-delà du principe de plaisir, œuvre dans laquelle Freud révisa sa théorie des pulsions. Gross fut l’un des analystes les plus brillants de la « première génération », mais comme il avait passé plus de dix ans en dehors du mouvement psychanalytique, personne ne s’intéressait à ses publications, excepté Ferenczi, qui s’empressa d’écrire un article critique de ce livre, critique qui n’a jamais été traduite en anglais. Nous présentons ici la première traduction anglaise de la critique de Ferenczi, « Otto Gross. Trois essais sur le conflit interne » (1920), publiée pour la première fois dans l’Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse. Dans sa critique, Ferenczi témoigne d’un grand intérêt pour la nouvelle approche proposée par Gross – basée sur la récente découverte du « syndrome d’hospitalisme » – où il définit l’ « instinct (ou la pulsion) de contact » comme étant à l’origine de la sexualité infantile. Cette critique révèle un moment-clé dans la trajectoire du travail de Ferenczi, à l’heure où il opère un tournant décisif en explorant les relations précoces et en éclairant d’un jour nouveau le facteur traumatique. Ceci illumine le reste de son travail analytique et en viendra à constituer les fondements d’une approche psychanalytique basée sur l’attachement et les relations.

Anfang der 1920er Jahre erschien das letzte Buch von Otto Gross, Drei Aufsätze über den inneren Konflikt – fast zur selben Zeit wie Jenseits des Lustprinzips, in dem Freud seine Triebtheorie überdachte. Gross war einer der brillantesten Analytiker der ,ersten Generation‘, gehörte jedoch mehr als zehn Jahre lang nicht zur psychoanalytischen Bewegung. Mit Ausnahme Ferenczis, der sofort eine kritische Besprechung des Werkes schrieb, die nie ins Englische übersetzt wurde, zeigte niemand Interesse an den Publikationen von Otto Gross. Wir stellen an dieser Stelle die erste englischsprachige Übersetzung von Ferenczis Rezension ,Otto Gross. Drei Aufsätze über den inneren Konflikt‘ (1920) vor, deren deutschsprachige Version die Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse erstmalig veröffentlichte. In dieser Rezension zeigt Ferenczi großes Interesse an dem neuen Ansatz, den Gross auf der Grundlage des kurz zuvor entdeckten ,Hospitalismussyndroms‘ vorbringt und den ,Instinkt‘ (oder Trieb), der uns Kontakt suchen lässt‘ als Ursprung kindlicher Sexualität identifiziert. Diese Rezension enthüllt einen Schlüsselmoment in der Entwicklung von Ferenczis Werk, mit dem er sich entschlossen der Untersuchung früher Beziehungen zuwandte und erneut einen Schwerpunkt beim Einflussfaktor Trauma setzte. Dies beleuchtet seine übrige psychoanalytische Arbeit und bildete die Grundlage für den bindungs- und beziehungsorientierten Ansatz in der Psychoanalyse.

All’inizio del 1920 Otto Gross pubblicò il suo ultimo libro, intitolato Tre saggi sul conflitto interno, quasi in contemporanea ad Al di là del principio di piacere, in cui Freud rivedeva la sua teoria pulsionale. Gross era stato uno degli analisti più brillanti della ‘prima generazione’, ma quando uscirono i Saggi erano passati già più di dieci anni dal suo abbandono del movimento psicoanalitico, e nessuno dei suoi antichi colleghi dimostrava più alcun interesse per sue pubblicazioni – ad eccezione di Ferenczi, che ne scrisse subito una recensione critica ad oggi mai tradotta in inglese. Presentiamo qui allora la prima traduzione inglese della recensione ferencziana al volume di Gross: recensione originariamente pubblicata nel 1920 sull’Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse. Nel suo scritto Ferenczi si dimostra assai interessato al nuovo approccio proposto da Gross, che partendo dalla “sindrome da ospedalismo” allora scoperta da poco individuava poi nell’ „istinto (o pulsione) verso il contatto” l’origine della sessualità infantile. Questa recensione ci mostra uno snodo fondamentale nella traiettoria dell’opera di Ferenczi: il momento, cioè, in cui rivolse decisamente la sua indagine alle relazioni precoci portando al tempo stesso rinnovata attenzione ai fattori traumatici. È alla luce di questi cambiamenti che prenderà forma la sua successiva produzione psicoanalitica, gettando le basi per un approccio psicoanalitico basato sul legame e sulla relazione.

A comienzos de 1920 Otto Gross publicó su último libro, Tres ensayos sobre el conflicto interior, casi simultáneamente a Mas allá del principio del placer, donde Freud revisaba su teoría pulsional. Gross había sido uno de los más brillantes analistas de la “primera generación” pero llevaba más de una década fuera del movimiento psicoanalítico y nadie se mostraba interesado por sus publicaciones, salvo Ferenczi que inmediatamente redactó una reseña crítica nunca traducida al castellano. Presentamos la traducción del texto de Ferenczi en el cual muestra gran interés por el nuevo planteamiento propuesto por Gross, que partía del recién descubierto “síndrome de hospitalismo”: el “instinto (o pulsión) hacia el contacto” como origen de la sexualidad infantil. Este trabajo muestra un momento fundamental en la trayectoria de la obra de Ferenczi, donde completa un giro definitivo hacia la investigación de las relaciones tempranas y hacia la recuperación del factor del trauma, hecho que alumbrará el resto de su producción psicoanalítica y supondrá sentar las bases para un enfoque vincular y relacional en el psicoanálisis.

Notes

1 Certainly, Adler and Jung had questioned – either minimizing or denying – the role of infantile sexuality in the aetiology of neurosis and psychosis, but neither of them had proposed questioning its origin without underestimating its aetiological importance.

2 Later known as the First International Psychoanalytic Congress.

3 English translation was done using the original text of S. Ferenczi (Citation1939): Bausteine zur Psychoanalyse IV. Band Gedenkartikel, Kritiken und Referate. Fragmente. Bibliographie. Sachregister. Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag, Hans Huber, Wien/Bern, and not the first-time published text from Groß (1920): Drei Aufsätze über den inneren Konflikt in Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse 6: 364-368. Translation by Sophie Leighton. Authors’ note: Page references in square brackets refer to the start of that page in the original German text. We have kept the order of paragraphs as much as possible. Emphasis was in the original.

4 Authors’ note: Ferenczi reproduces Gross’s expression “Trieb nach Kontakt”. We have chosen to translate “trieb” as instinct and not as impulse or drive; this is based on Gross’s overall terminology and the time of his writing, although any of the alternative translations would also be correct.

5 Authors’ note: Kontrektationstrieb can be translated as the impulse, drive or instinct to make contact with, feel and touch the other person, which improves physical, mental and emotional well-being.

6 Authors’ note: Endopathy (from the prefix “endo”, within, and “pathos”, suffering or emotion). This is the usual translation of the German aesthetic and philosophical concept einfühlung, a fusion of vision and emotion that occurs when the subject projects their feelings onto the intuited object. It can also be translated as “empathy” or aesthetic “sympathy”, or even “emotional projection”. It stems from German romanticism.

7 Original footnote: Fliess has incidentally already commented on the “function” of bisexuality (Ferenczi’s first footnote in the text, 144/366).

8 Authors’ note: “Kontaktsexualität” in the original.

9 Original footnote: The conception of homosexuality (i.e. certain cases of perversion) as an expression of hostility to women and the escape to one’s own sex is incidentally misattributed by the author to Stekel. This view had been expressed by several of us long ago (Ferenczi’s second footnote in the text, 145/367).

10 Authors’ note: “Vereinsamung” in the original.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.