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Pollination

The habitat effect on the diversity of pollen resources in several Campanula spp. – an implication for pollinator conservation

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Pages 62-71 | Received 15 Dec 2012, Accepted 04 Aug 2013, Published online: 11 May 2015
 

Abstract

Lack of pollen, a main protein source, is widely regarded as one of the causes of pollinator decline. This study investigated the potential mass of Campanula patula L., Campanula persicifolia L., Campanula glomerata L., Campanula bononiensis L., and Campanula trachelium L. pollen that can serve as food for insect visitors. Observations and measurements were made during the period 2006–2008 on two separate sites for each species (in natural or semi-natural vs. man-made habitats). The study site was situated in the agricultural landscape on the Lublin Upland, south-eastern Poland (51°18ʹ27ʹʹN, 22°26ʹ05ʹʹE). The total pollen yield was restricted by various biotic parameters (anther size and pollen viability) and abiotic factors (habitat and/or meteorological conditions). Therefore, the pollen production may differ considerably among species and the reward of the same species can be variable among habitats and growing seasons. The total pollen yield was higher on natural and semi-natural habitats (3.7–12.7 g per 10 m2 plot) compared to man-made habitats (2.9–4.8 g per 10 m2 plot). The main visiting insects are bees, although flies and beetles have also been recorded. Consequently, Campanula species are important in supporting general insect biodiversity within various ecosystems and indirectly influence pollination services and biocontrol in agroecosystems. To maximize the abundance and diversity of bees and other pollinators in the surroundings of agroecosystems, natural and semi-natural habitats with an adequate quantity of food supplementation, rather than man-made habitats, are indispensable. However, in the landscape context, the minimum size of high quality fragmented natural and semi-natural patches may differ considerably.

El efecto del hábitat sobre la diversidad de los recursos de polen en varias Campanula spp. – Una implicación para la conservación de los polinizadores

La falta de polen, una de las fuentes principales de proteínas, es ampliamente considerada como una de las causas del declive de los polinizadores. Este estudio investigó la masa potencial de polen de Campanula patula L., Campanula persicifolia L., Campanula glomerata L., Campanula bononiensis y Campanula trachelium L. que pueda servir de alimento para los insectos visitantes. Se realizaron observaciones y mediciones durante el período 2006-2008 en dos sitios separados para cada especie (en hábitats naturales o semi-naturales vs artificiales). El sitio de estudio se encuentra en el paisaje agrícola en la Meseta de Lublin, del sudeste de Polonia (51º18'27 "N, 22º26'05" E). El rendimiento total de polen se restringió por diversos parámetros bióticos (tamaño de las anteras, viabilidad del polen) y factores abióticos (hábitat y / o condiciones meteorológicas). Por lo tanto la producción de polen puede diferir considerablemente entre las especies y la recompensa de la misma especie puede ser variable entre los hábitats y las estaciones de crecimiento. El rendimiento total de polen fue mayor en los hábitats naturales y semi-naturales (3,7 a 12,7 g por 10 m2 de parcela) en comparación con los hábitats artificiales (2,9 a 4,8 g por cada 10 m2 de parcela). Los principales insectos que visitaron las flores son las abejas, aunque también se han registrado moscas y escarabajos. En consecuencia, las especies de Campanula son importantes en el apoyo a la biodiversidad general de insectos dentro de los diversos ecosistemas e influyen indirectamente en los servicios de polinización y de control biológico en agroecosistemas. Para maximizar la abundancia y diversidad de las abejas y otros polinizadores en los alrededores de los agroecosistemas son indispensables los hábitats naturales y seminaturales con una cantidad adecuada de suplemento alimentario, en lugar de hábitats artificiales. Sin embargo, en el contexto del paisaje, el tamaño mínimo de parches fragmentados naturales y semi-naturales de alta calidad puede diferir considerablemente.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Agnieszka Narkun, Magda Chudy and Monika Madej for helping with the field observations and Monika Strzałkowska – Abramek for laboratory assistance. We also thank Paweł Denisow and Michał Wrzesień for logistical support. Research was supported financially by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland as a part of statutory activities of Department of Botany, University of Life Sciences in Lublin. The material from protected C. bononiensis was collected in compliance with Polish law under the permit from the Regional Nature Conservator. Our particular thanks go to two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments, remarks and suggestions for the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

The work was supported financially by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland.

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