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Hive Product Science

Apini and Meliponini foraging activities influence the phenolic content of different types of Malaysian honey

Las actividades de pecoreo de Apini y Meliponini influyen en el contenido fenólico de diferentes tipos de miel de Malasia

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Pages 137-150 | Received 17 Mar 2015, Accepted 17 Jun 2016, Published online: 16 Sep 2016
 

Abstract

Malaysian honeys are produced by two main bee genera: Apis and Trigona. Each bee species has long been reported to exhibit unique foraging patterns and time, and it is very likely that bee foraging activities play a significant role in the phenolic composition of honeys. This work aims to justify the potential relationship between species-specific foraging activities and phenolic composition of honeys, to distinguish polyphenolic profiles and to identify possible floral markers in each type of Malaysian honey studied. Seventeen samples of Malaysian gelam, acacia, nenas, tualang, and kelulut honeys were analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Total phenolic contents ranged from 1.92 to 14.84 mg/g of honey, in nenas and gelam honey, respectively. Fifteen phenolic compounds were identified, probably affected by the bee foraging preference. The highest number was seen in kelulut honey (Trigona spp.) while the lowest were in tualang honey (10 compounds, Apis dorsata). Apis cerana indica showed the highest phenolic acid and flavonoid contents (8.74 mg/g honey) compared to the other bee species, probably due to less selective floral preference, longer duration and early foraging time as well as small body size that influence their foraging activity. Similarity in two dominant polyphenols from polyhenolic profiles between acacia and tualang honeys (naringenin and ellagic acid), and between gelam and kelulut honeys (ellagic acid and benzoic acid) suggesting that the floral source of unifloral honey is an equally important food source for the analyzed multifloral honey, was confirmed by PCA analysis. This work assumes that competition between bee species for nectar and pollen might exist, affecting honey production and total polyphenolic content. From the results, some polyphenolic profiles could be regarded as possible floral markers of Malaysian unifloral honeys, with very consistent profiles observed in nenas honeys.

Las mieles de Malasia se producen por dos géneros principales de abejas: Apis y Trigona. Se ha informado extensamente que cada especie de abeja exhibe patrones de forrajeo y temporal únicos, y es muy probable que las actividades de pecoreo de la abeja jueguen un papel significativo en la composición fenólica de mieles. Este trabajo tiene por objeto justificar la posible relación entre las actividades de pecoreo de especies específicas y la composición fenólica de las mieles, para distinguir los perfiles polifenólicos e identificar posibles marcadores florales en cada tipo de miel de Malasia estudiado. Se analizaron diecisiete muestras de mieles “gelam”, acacia, “nenas”, Tualang y “kelulut” de Malasia mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución con detector de diodos en matriz (HPLC-DAD). Los contenidos fenólicos totales oscilaron entre 1.92–14.84 mg/g de miel, en las mieles “nenas” y “gelam”, respectivamente. Se identificaron quince compuestos fenólicos, probablemente influidos por la preferencia de las abejas pecoreadoras. El número más alto se observó en la miel “kelulut” (Trigona spp.), mientras que el más bajos se encontró en la miel Tualang (10 compuestos, Apis dorsata). Apis cerana indica mostró el contenido más alto de ácido fenólico y flavonoides (8.74 mg/g de miel) en comparación con las otras especies de abejas, probablemente debido a una preferencia floral menos selectiva, mayor duración y tiempo de pecoreo más temprano, así como al pequeño tamaño corporal que influye en su actividad de pecoreo. Se confirmó por análisis de PCA la similitud en los dos polifenoles dominantes del perfil polifenólico entre las mieles de acacias y Tualang (naringenina y ácido elágico), y entre las mieles “gelam” y “kelulut” (ácido elágico y ácido benzoico) lo que sugiere que el origen floral de la miel monofloral es una fuente de alimento de igual importancia que en la miel multifloral analizada. En este trabajo se asume puede existir competencia entre las especies de abejas por el néctar y el polen, lo que afecta a la producción de miel y el contenido total de polifenoles. A partir de los resultados, algunos perfiles polifenólicos podrían ser considerados como posibles marcadores florales de mieles monoflorales de Malasia, con perfiles muy consistentes observados en las mieles “nenas”.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for the equipment provided, and Mr Afiezy and Mr Hairol for the technical guidance on operating HPLC system. The authors acknowledge Mr Willy (Sabah Rural Development Corporation), Mr Zakbah (Johor Department of Agriculture), Mr Ibrahim (Terengganu Honey Collector Corporation), Mrs Noriah (Min House Camp, Kelantan), and Mr Rosli (Afnan Technology Sdn. Bhd.) for supplying honey samples for this study. Special thanks to Dr Mahaneem (USM), Prof. Siti Amrah (USM), Dr Sornambikai, Mr Madhan, and Ms Wan Nur Atiqah for their assistance. The first author is grateful to the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for the awarded Zamalah Scholarship.

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