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Pathology and parasitology

Powdered sugar shake to monitor and oxalic acid treatments to control varroa mites (Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman) in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies

Agitado de azúcar en polvo para monitorizar y tratar con ácido oxálico para controlar los ácaros varroa (Varroa destructor Anderson y Trueman) en colonias de abejas melíferas (Apis mellifera)

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Pages 71-75 | Received 10 Aug 2016, Accepted 02 Jan 2017, Published online: 20 Jan 2017
 

Abstract

A practical method to control the destructive varroa mite, Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman in honey bee colonies consisted of monitoring with powdered sugar and treatment with oxalic acid (OA). We tested mite populations within 28 honey bee colonies on adult bees by a using a powdered sugar shake method. Subsequently, the same colonies were treated with 2.9% oxalic acid and 31.9% sucrose-in-water solution (w/w) four times, with a final varroa treatment using Apistan strips. On average 66.10 ± 35.23% and 94.64 ± 9.56% mites were detected using this simple sugar shake method in August and October, 2015. Furthermore, positive correlations were found between relative number of infested honey bees detected by powdered sugar shake and washing bees with alcohol plus soapy water (r = 0.90 and r = 0.62). Temperature and humidity seems to be crucial in determining the effectiveness of the powdered sugar shake method. For control of the mites, four consecutive OA treatments performed during the winter months in colonies containing capped brood had an average of 228 ± 226.93, 167 ± 313.79, 92 ± 160.50, and 27 ± 42.19 varroa mortality, respectively. Combination of four successive OA applications by trickling onto adult bees between combs in situ, during warm temperate winter conditions ensured a cumulative efficacy of 98%. Based on this level of mortality, it can be concluded that using the powdered sugar shake method to establish adult bee infestation levels in colonies along with an OA treatment may provide adequate varroa control in certain situations.

Un método práctico para controlar el destructivo ácaro varroa, Varroa destructor Anderson y Truemann en colonias de abejas melíferas consistió en el monitoreo con azúcar en polvo y tratamiento con ácido oxálico (AO). Hemos establecido las poblaciones de ácaros dentro de 28 colonias de abejas de miel en abejas adultas usando un método de agitado con azúcar en polvo. Posteriormente, las mismas colonias se trataron cuatro veces con ácido oxálico al 2,9% y solución al 31,9% de sacarosa en agua (p/p), con un tratamiento final de varroa utilizando tiras de Apistan. En promedio, se detectaron 66,10 ± 35,23% y 94,64 ± 9,56% de los ácaros usando este método simple de agitar con azúcar en agosto y octubre de 2015. Además, se encontraron correlaciones positivas entre el número relativo de abejas infestadas detectadas con el agitado con azúcar en polvo y el lavado de abejas con alcohol más agua jabonosa (r = 0,90 y r = 0,62). La temperatura y la humedad parecen ser cruciales para determinar la efectividad del método de agitado con azúcar en polvo. Para el control de los ácaros, cuatro tratamientos consecutivos de AO realizados durante los meses de invierno en colonias que contenían cría operculada tuvieron un promedio de 228 ± 226,93, 167 ± 313,79, 92 ± 160,50 y 27 ± 42,19 varroas, respectivamente. La combinación de cuatro aplicaciones sucesivas de AO por goteo en abejas adultas entre cuadros 'in situ', durante condiciones templadas de invierno cálido aseguró una eficacia acumulativa del 98%. En base a este nivel de mortalidad, se puede concluir que el uso del método del agitado con azúcar en polvo para establecer niveles de infestación de abejas adultas en colonias junto con un tratamiento de AO puede proporcionar un control de varroa adecuado en ciertas situaciones.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Trevor Mallette and Chris Werle for their technical assistance in performing experiments and Blair Simpson and Kaplan Kim for editing an earlier draft of this manuscript and to anonymous reviewers for constructive suggestions.

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