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Pathology and parasitology

Morphological and molecular identification of chalkbrood disease pathogen Ascosphaera apis in Apis cerana cerana

, ORCID Icon, , , &
Pages 516-521 | Received 13 Oct 2017, Accepted 08 May 2018, Published online: 05 Jul 2018
 

Abstract

Chalkbrood is a fungal disease of honey bees and leads to serious apicultural loss worldwide. Ascosphaera apis, the pathogen of chalkbrood, has been found in Apis mellifera, Apis cerana, Xylocopa californica arizonensis larvae as well as adult bumble bees. Here, the fungal pathogen of Apis cerana cerana drone mummies was isolated and identified using morphological and molecular methods. Morphological observation indicated that the sizes of the fruiting bodies, spore balls and ascospores of the fungus isolated from A. c. cerana drone mummies were similar to those of A. apis. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the fungus is identical to A. apis. Furthermore, the results of a cross infection assay demonstrated that the isolated fungus is capable of infecting eastern and western honey bee larvae and results in chalkbrood. These results confirmed that the isolated fungal pathogen is A. apis. This is the first documentation of morphological and molecular identification of A. apis in A. c. cerana. Our results not only provide novel insight to better understand the pathology of A. apis, but also lay a solid foundation for further investigations of host responses and pathogen-host interactions during chalkbrood of eastern honey bee larvae.

Identificación morfológica y molecular del patógeno de la cría enyesada Ascosphaera apis en Apis cerana cerana

La cría enyesada o pollo escayolado es una enfermedad fúngica de las abejas melíferas que provoca graves pérdidas apícolas en todo el mundo. Ascosphaera apis, el patógeno de la cría enyesada, se ha encontrado en larvas de Apis mellifera, Apis cerana, Xylocopa californica arizonensis y en los abejorros adultos. Aquí se aisló e identificó mediante métodos morfológicos y moleculares el patógeno fúngico de las momias de zánganos de Apis cerana cerana. La observación morfológica indicó que el tamaño de los cuerpos fructíferos, las bolas de esporas y las ascosporas del hongo aislado de las momias de zánganos de A. c. cerana eran similares a los de A. apis. El análisis filogenético sugirió que el hongo es idéntico a A. apis. Además, los resultados de un ensayo de infección cruzada demostraron que el hongo aislado es capaz de infectar las larvas orientales y occidentales de las abejas melíferas y da lugar a la cría enyesada. Estos resultados confirmaron que el patógeno fúngico aislado es A. apis. Esta es la primera documentación de identificación morfológica y molecular de A. apis en A. c. cerana. Nuestros resultados no sólo proporcionan una visión novedosa para comprender mejor la patología de A. apis, sino que también establecen una base sólida para investigaciones adicionales de las respuestas del huésped y las interacciones patógeno-huésped durante la cría enyesada de las larvas de las abejas orientales de la miel.

Acknowledgements

We thank all editors and reviewers for their invaluable comments and recommendations that improved this work.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This work was founded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 31702190, 30800806], the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System [grant number CARS-44-KXJ7], the Education and Scientific Research Fund of Young Teachers of Fujian Educational Bureau [grant number JAT170158], the Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University [grant number CXZX2017342].

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