Stinging risk and sting pain of the ivy bee, Colletes hederae

Abstract

The ivy bee, Colletes hederae, was first detected in Britain in 2001 and is abundant in many locations. Their ground nesting aggregations can occur in public areas and cause concern about stinging risk. Here we assess that risk. The likelihood of being stung or collided with when in an active aggregation was low, with only 1 sting in 10 h of activity (standing, walking, and “gardening”) by a human subject. Collisions were low at 6 per hour. The ivy bee sting is frequently unable to penetrate human skin. Only half were able to sting the fingertips and 75% the inner forearm when held against these areas. Pain was scored using a modified Starr/Schmidt scale. Ivy bee stings were significantly less painful than those of honey bee workers Apis mellifera, with similar scores to a nettle sting, Urtica dioica. Pain subsided after 10 min with weals smaller than both honey bees and nettles. The ivy bee venom sac was ca. 39% the volume of that of a worker honey bee. The sting is similar in size to the honey bee sting and barbs were not seen at 35× magnification. We conclude that the ivy bee is not a danger to the public. They rarely sting people active in a nest aggregation area, have a sting that is frequently unable to penetrate human skin and that causes minimal pain for a short duration, comparable to that of a nettle sting. Nettle stings are considered to be annoying but not dangerous.

Keywords:

• conservation
• solitary bee ecology
• human wildlife conflict
• public safety
• insect physiology

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank students at University of Sussex for giving them access to their garden for data collection and to Joseph Arnold and Rosalind Henderson who helped with data collection. They would also like to thank the reviewers for their helpful comments.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare that they have no financial interest or benefit from the applications of this research.

Supplementary material

Supplementary material is available for this article at https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2019.1686577

Additional information

Funding

Support for this research was provided by grants from The University of Sussex and Gatwick Airport. KS was funded by University of Sussex School of Life Sciences and NERC.