Comparative analysis of reference genes in honey bees, Apis cerana and Apis mellifera

Abstract

Honey bees are vital pollinators in agriculture and important model insects. To understand the genetic and molecular aspects in their development, a reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain (RT-qPCR) is used to investigate the target genes. However, it is essential to use the appropriate reference genes as endogenous controls for accurate normalization of target genes. To identify stable reference genes in two honey bee species, [Apis mellifera (Am) and Apis cerana (Ac)], we evaluated eight candidate reference genes including, actin, atub, ef1α, gapdh, rpl13a, rpl32, rps18 and tif. Worker bees belonging to the two species were collected at each developmental day during the embryonic and postembryonic developmental stages. The tyrosine hydroxylase (th) gene was used as the target gene to validate the selected reference genes. Our results revealed that rpl13a was the most stable reference gene at all developmental stages of Am and Ac. In addition, gene combinations, including Amrpl13a & Amrps18 & Amactin, Amrpl13a & Amrpl32, Acrpl13a & Acrpl32, Acrpl13a & Acrpl32 & Acef1α followed by other combinations effectively normalized the expression of the target genes during the embryonic and postembryonic developmental stages of Am and Ac, respectively. Our findings provide a foundation for standardized RT-qPCR analysis to improve the accuracy of genes normalization during the different developmental stages of honey bees.

Keywords:

• RT-qPCR
• reference genes
• gene expression
• Apis mellifera
• Apis cerana

Disclosure statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant number 31660696), and the Jiangxi Province modern agricultural industrial technology system construction special fund (JXARS-14).