http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9515-7323
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ABSTRACT
The measurement of wave-induced impacts on structures involves significant scientific and engineering challenges. Regular nearly breaking pgbgand broken waves generated following cnoidal and first-order Stokes wavemaker theory have been considered to study the variability of wave impacts on vertical breakwaters. Four small-scale hydraulic experiments were carried out and repeated 120 times using high-speed pressure and force measurement equipment. High variability in the measured pressure field and total force were observed, reflecting the random nature of the studied phenomena. The force variability was similar for the nearly breaking and broken waves. The maximum measured force was between 166 and 177% of the minimum measured force. In relation to the force distribution and maximum pressure points, the observed variability is higher for broken waves. To deal with such variability in the observations, suitable probability distributions for forces (GEV) and pressures (Gamma) are proposed.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the personnel of the CIEMLAB at the LIM-UPC BarcelonaTech for their assistance with the experiments.
Notations
| a | = | wave amplitude (m) |
| b | = | scale parameter of the Gamma pdf (−) |
| d | = | water depth at the toe of the structure (m) |
| ERMSE | = | root mean square error |
| F | = | force (N m−1) |
| G | = | gravity acceleration (m s−²) |
| h | = | water depth in front of the paddle (m) |
| H | = | wave height (m) |
| k | = | wave number (m−1) |
| K(w) | = | complete elliptic integral of the first kind (−) |
| L | = | wave length (m) |
| p | = | maximum pressure (kPa m−1) |
| qF | = | force probability density function (−) |
| qp | = | pressure probability density function (−) |
| r | = | shape parameter of the GEV pdf (−) |
| s | = | shape parameter of the Gamma pdf (−) |
| t | = | time (s) |
| T | = | wave period (s) |
| Ur | = | Ursell number (−) |
| w | = | elliptical parameter (−) |
| = | paddle displacement for a cnoidal wave (m) | |
| = | paddle displacement for a linear wave (m) | |
| y | = | vertical dimension (m) |
| = | gamma function (−) | |
| = | water surface elevation (m) water surface elevation (m) | |
| = | location parameter of the GEV pdf (−) | |
| = | water density (kg m−3) | |
| = | scale parameter of the GEV pdf (−) | |
| = | angular frequency (s−1) |
ORCID
Andrea Marzeddu http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9515-7323
Tiago C. A. Oliveira http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7040-7189
Francesc Xavier Gironella http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8862-5704
Agustin SáNchez-Arcilla http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3450-6697