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Summary
The anatomy of the skeletal structures and muscles relevant to sound production in tsetse flies is described. Sound production in tsetse flies is partly vibrational and partly frictional in nature. The major components involved in sound production are the movement of the pleural wing process against the sclerotized base of the radial vein, that is the ‘switch mechanism’ (frictional); and simultaneous vigorous vibration of the pterothoracic area including tegula, pterale C and other wing base skeletal structures and the squamae.