1
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Restraining Properties and Their Determination in Photographic Gelatins

Pages 37-42 | Received 10 Mar 1971, Published online: 23 Jul 2016
 

Abstract

Certain non-collagenous components occurring in photographic gelatins, which slow down or inhibit the physical and c emlcal ripening process are designated in the literature as restrainers.

There exists beside the “natural” restrainers other—mostly organic—compounds with similar properties, e.g., anti-foggants and emulsion stabilizers. Such substances are to be considered as “artificial” restrainers. Additions of these to gelatins may control the degree of restraining properties.

Neither the presence, not the type and the concentration of restrainer components are sufficient criteria for their activity. The reaction condillons in the investigated system are of a particular interest, especially pH.

F .Evidence by experiment is given, that at constant content of restrainers in gelatin, the degree of restraini ng is strongly dependent on pH. Or Instance, adenine loses its inhibiting properties at pH<5, but it will eract as a powerful restrainer at pH>6.5.

The activity of most restrainers increases with pH.

Résumé

Les constituants des gélatines photographiques qui ralentissent ou inhibent les processus de maturation physique et chimique Sont désignés dans la littérature sous le nom de “retardateurs”.

A côté des retardateurs naturels, il existe des composés, la plupart organiques, qui ont des propriétés similaires (anti-voile ou stabilisateurs de I’emulsion). Ces substances doivent être considérées comme des retardateurs “artificiels”, leur addition dans une gélatine permellant ( en Contrôler les propriétés retardatrices.

La présence, la nature et la concentration des composés retardateurs ne sont pas des critères suffisants pour earacteriser leur aetivité; Jes conditions de réaction, et surtout le pH, ayant une innuence primordiale.

II est prouvé experimentalement qu’à. teneur constante en retardateurs, les propriétés relardatrices d’une gélatine dépendent considérablement du pH. Ainsi, I’adénine perd ses propriétés inhibitrices iJ. pH<5, mais rcagit comme un retardateur puissant il pH>6.5. L’activité de la plupart des retardateurs augmente avec le pH.

Zusammenfassung

Gewisse nicht- kollagene Komponenten die in pholographischen Gelatinen vorkommen und die physikallsehen und chemischen Reifungsprozesse verzögern oder verhindern, werden in der Literatur als Hemmkorper bezeichnet. Es existieren neben den “natürlichen” Hemmkörpern andere—meist organische—Verbindungen mit gleichen Eigenschaften, z. B. Antischleiermittelund FnlUlsionsstabilisatoren. Solche Substanzen werden als “klinstliche” Hemmkörper betrachtet. Ihr Zusatz zur Gelatine kann den Grad der lemmenden Eigenschaften kontrollieren.

Weder die Anwesenheit noch der Typ und die Konzentration der Hemmkörper sind ausreichende Kriterien für ihre Wirksamkeit. Die eakt10nsbedingungen in dem untersuchten System sind von besonderem Interesse, besonders der pH-Wert.

Dureh Versuche wurde bewiesen, dass bei einem konstanten Gehalt der Hemmkorper in Gelatine der Hemmungsgrad stark vom pHert abhängt.

Adenin z. B. verliert seine hemmenden Eigenschaften bei pH< 5, wirkt aber bei pH> 6,5 als starker Hemmkörper.

Die Wirksamkeit der meisten Hemmkörper steigt mit dem pH-Wert an.

Riassunto

Alcuni composti non collageni, presenti nelle gelatine fotografiehe, e che mostrano proprietà inibenti o comunque che rallentano i processi, di maturazione fisica e chimica, sono definiti in letteratura come “ritardatori”.

Oltre ai ritarelatori considetti “naturali” esistono altri composti—sopraltulto organici—Che mostrano attività similari quali, per es. azioni anti-velo o di stabilizzazione.

Questi eomposli dovrebbero essere considerati alia stregua di ritarelatori “artificiali”.

Le loro caralleristiche ritardatrici possono essere controllate valutandone gli etfetti oltenuti al variare delle quantità aggiunte. Sia la presenza che il tipo e la concentrazione dei composti ritardatori non sono, tuttavia, elementi sufficienti per valutarne la loro attività. Le Conelizioni sperimentali del sistema in corso di esame inf1uenzano il risultato; e, tra queste, in modo parlicolare il pH.

Sperimentalmente é stato evidenziato il fatto che, a conlenuto costante di ritardatore nella gelatina. I’inibizione dei processi eli maturazione é fortemente dipendente dal pH. Per esempio, I’adenina perde Ie sue proprietà ritardanti a pH < 5, mentre essa reagisce assai violentel1lente a pH > 6,5.

l’attività di molti ritarelatori aumenta a\l’aumentare del pH.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.