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Original Articles

Short Time Exposures on Photographic Sensitive Materials II. Reciprocity Behaviour of Three Commercial Films

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Pages 206-210 | Received 01 Jan 1981, Published online: 21 Jul 2016
 

Abstract

The reciprocity behaviour of three commercial films has been investigated for surface, internal and commercial development in the time range from 5 x 10-9 to 10 s. The resulting reciprocity curves are completely flat for the short times, long time failure beginning to show around 10-2s for surface and commercial development and around 10-5 for internal development.

In a shorter time interval the effects of continuous and intermittent exposures have been compared for two of the films. With intermittent exposures, the number of interruptions had little effect, but the total length of exposure was important, inducing a kind of reciprocity failure. This was less pronounced than the failure with continuous exposures and for the internal image its onset was moved towards longer times.

Résumé

On a étudié le comportement sensitométrique de trois couches sensibles photographiques avec développement superficiel, pour l’image interne et développement commercial, dans l’intervalle de temps d’exposition de 5 x 107-9 à 10s. Les courbes de réciprocité obtenues sont parfaitement horizontales pour les temps brefs; l’écart de la réciprocité commence à être observé à environ 10-2s pour les développements superficiel et commercial, et à environ 10-5s pour le développement de Timage interne.

Dans un intervalle de temps de pose plus petit on a comparé, pour deux des films, l’effet d’expositions continues et intermittentes. Lorsque Ton donnait des expositions intermittentes, le nombre d’interruptions n’avait pas d’influence, mais on observait un effet de la durée totale de l’exposition, qui produisait une espèce d’écart de réciprocité. Celui-ci était plus petit qu’après les expositions continues et, en plus, son point de commencement pour l’image interne était déplacé vers des temps plus longs.

Zusammenfassung

Das Reziprozitäts-Verhalten dreier Handelsfilme wurde im Bereich zwischen 5 x 10-9 und 10s mit Ober flächen-, Innen- und kommerziellem Entwickler untersucht. Die resultierenden Reziprozitätskurven waren im Kurzzeitbereich völlig flach. Langzeitfehler trat bei ca. 10-2s für den Oberflächen- und den kommerziellen Entwickler und bei ca. 10-5s für den Innen-Entwickler auf.

Mitintermittierender Belichtung hatte die Zahl der Unterbrechungen keinen signifikanten Einfluss, aber die Gesamtlänge der Belichtung war wesentlich und zeigte sich in der Form eines Reziprozitäts-Fehlers Dieser war geringer als mit kontinuierlicher Belichtung und sein Einsatzpunkt war für das Innenbild nach längeren Zeiten zu verschoben.

Riassunto

E’ stato studiato il comportamento sensitometrico, nell’intervallo di tempi di esposizione da 5 x 107-9 a 10s, di tre pellicole commerciali trattate con sviluppo superficiale, interno e commerciale. Le curve direciprocità risultanti sono perfettamente orizzontaliai tempi brevi; Terrore di reciprocità compare a circa 10-2s con lo sviluppo superficiale e commerciale ed a circa 10-5s con lo sviluppo interno.

In un intervallo di tempo più limitato sono stati confrontati, per due delle pellicole, gli effetti di esposizioni continue ed intermittenti. Con esposizioni intermittenti, il numero di interruzioni non esercita alcuna significativa influenza, mentre si osserva un effetto del tempo totale di esposizione, sotto forma di una sorta di errore di reciprocità. Quest’ultimo è meno pronunciato di quello determinato da esposizioni continue, edil suo punto d’inizio per l’immagine interna è spostato verso tempi più lunghi.

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