Defense Mechanisms: 40 Years of Empirical Research

Abstract

This article reviews research on defense mechanisms carried out over the past 40 years with children, adolescents, adults, and psychiatric patients. Both experimental and observational studies are included.

Selected Bibliography: Phebe Cramer's Defense Mechanism Research: Chronological Order

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• Cramer, P. (2013). Estudios empiricos sobre mechanismos de defensa [Empirical studies of defense mechanisms]. Subjetividad y Procesos Cognitivos, 17, 97–117. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Universidad de Ciencias Empresariales y Sociales.
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• Books Published
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