Descriptive and Injunctive Social Norm Overestimation in Hooking Up and Their Role as Predictors of Hook-Up Activity in a College Student Sample

Abstract

This study examined the presence of norm overestimation in both injunctive and descriptive norms about hooking up. An online survey was completed by 186 college students (127 women). Overestimation was examined for hooking up as a global category, as well as for six specific behaviors. The role of norms in predicting hooking up was also examined using hierarchical multiple regression analyses. The predictive role of sensation-seeking, sociosexual orientation, self-esteem, and alcohol drinking status was also examined. Injunctive norm overestimation was present for less intimate behaviors (kissing and non-genital touching); only women showed overestimation for more intimate behaviors (genital touching, receiving oral sex, giving oral sex, and intercourse). Descriptive norms were overestimated across the board. Injunctive norms were poor predictors of behavior. Descriptive norms were good predictors only for less intimate behaviors, a pattern similar to that observed for drinking status. Ultimately, participants' level of personal comfort was the best predictor of participation in the most intimate behaviors, including oral sex and sexual intercourse.

Notes

Note. Relationship status (current): 1 = in relationship, 2 = not in relationship. Sex: 1 = male, 2 = female. Others' comfort represents perceived injunctive norm. Others' frequency represents perceived descriptive norm. Alcohol use status scale is an inverted scale with 1 = heavy drinker and 5 = abstainer.

*p ≤ .05. **p ≤ .01. ***p ≤ .001.

*p ≤ .05. **p ≤ .01.

Note. Relationship status (current): 1 = in relationship, 2 = not in relationship. Sex: 1 = male, 2 = female. Others' comfort represents perceived injunctive norm. Others' frequency represents perceived descriptive norm.

*p ≤ .05. **p ≤ .01. ***p ≤ .001.

Note. All correlations are significant at p < .001.