A Qualitative Exploration of the Premigration Victimization Experiences of Sexual and Gender Minority Refugees and Asylees in the United States and Canada

Abstract

Progress in analyzing and interpreting the concepts of sexual orientation and gender identity in the context of refugee law has contributed to a rise in individuals seeking asylum in such countries as the United States and Canada. However, few studies have examined the victimization experiences of sexual- and gender-identity forced migrants prior to their arrival in North America. This qualitative study used thematic analysis to explore the premigration adult victimization experiences of 26 lesbian, gay, and transgender individuals who obtained refugee, asylee, or withholding-of-removal status in the United States or Canada based on persecution for their sexual orientation and/or gender identity. Participants originated from countries in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East. Analysis revealed the following themes: living on the edge, adopting concealment strategies, routine victimization, and protectors as perpetrators. Participants described living in a constant state of hypervigilance, and they adopted numerous strategies to protect themselves from victimization. Despite the use of such strategies, participants experienced victimization by community members and state actors, leaving them no choice but to flee to ensure their safety and well-being. Findings are discussed using the ecological framework outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO). The discussion concludes with implications for international policy and clinical practice.

Funding

This research was supported by funds awarded to Edward J. Alessi through the Centers for Global Advancement and International Affairs, Rutgers University.

Notes

¹ Refugees document a history of persecution or fear of future persecution prior to arrival in the host country, while asylees document a history of persecution or fear of future persecution after arrival. However, Canada refers to forced migrants as refugees regardless of whether they document a history of persecution before or after arrival. Withholding-of-removal status applies to individuals in the United States. Those with withholding-of-removal status are not eligible for legal permanent residence and cannot travel outside the United States.

² In 2006, a group of international human rights experts adapted the Yogyakarta Principles to promote the rights of LGBT individuals, including the right to live a life free of torture, degrading treatment, and punishment (International Commission of Jurists, 2007). The principles represent an interpretation of international law based on numerous human rights treaties.