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Abstract
Managers' attendance and the effectiveness of small work groups were examined by using the archival data of 47 quality circles (QCs) in the United States over a 3-year period. The results showed that upper-management attendance was related to members' participation (attendance rate at group meetings and group membership). Middle-management attendance was related to groups' problem-solving activities (the number of projects attempted and cost savings). Lower-management attendance was not related to groups' problem-solving activities.