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Original Articles

Elites and Human Sacrifices at Paquimé: A Bioarchaeological Assessment

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Abstract

Various forms of violence have been implicated in the development and cultural trajectory of Paquimé, the center of the Casas Grandes culture in northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico. However, these inferences have received little systematic bioarchaeological investigation. This study focuses on the most complex burial discovered at Paquimé, a subfloor tomb containing the remains of at least 12 individuals in two distinct burial layers. Here we evaluate the hypothesis that the commingled layer of human remains represents a sacred offering to the elite individuals below through a comparative analysis of demography, health indicators, trauma, post-mortem processing, and taphonomy. Results revealed that there are significant differences between the two burial layers, particularly in terms of post-mortem processing, health status, and age-at-death structure. The commingled remains consisted primarily of unhealthy older sub-adults (and one young adult female) whose skeletal remains exhibit extreme post-mortem processing. The articulated burials, on the other hand, were all adults who received elaborate mortuary treatment, were not processed, and appear to have been well-buffered against disease stress during life. Both the osteological and contextual data from this burial tomb are consistent with sacrificial deposits in Mesoamerica and suggest that the commingled remains were companion sacrifices for the elites below. Thus, this study provides bioarchaeological evidence for ritual violence at Paquimé, which likely reflects the outcome of culturally specific ritual and political actors at the site.

Varias formas de violencia han estado implicadas en el desarrollo y trayectoria cultural de Paquimé, el centro de la cultura Casas Grandes en el noroeste de Chihuahua, México. Sin embargo, estas inferencias han recibido poca investigación bioarqueológica sistemática. Este estudio se enfoca en el entierro más complejo descubierto en Paquimé, un subsuelo de tumba, que contiene los restos de al menos 12 individuos en dos capas distintas del entierro. Aquí evaluamos la hipótesis de que la capa de restos humanos mezclados representa una ofrenda sagrada para los individuos de la élite que se encuentran por debajo ellos, a través de un análisis comparativo de demografía, indicadores de salud, trauma, procesamiento post-mortem y tafonomía. Los resultados revelan que existen diferencias significativas entre las dos capas del entierro, particularmente en términos de procesamiento post-mortem, estado de salud y rango de edad al morir. Los restos mezclados consisten primordialmente en subadultos mayores (y una adulta joven) cuyos restos esqueléticos exhiben procesamiento post-mortem extremo. Los entierros articulados, por el contrario, son todos adultos que recibieron tratamiento mortuario elaborado, no fueron procesados y parecen haber estado bien protegidos contra enfermedades durante sus vidas. Ambos, los datos osteológicos y contextuales de este entierro de tumba, son consistentes con depósitos de sacrificio en Mesoamérica y sugieren que los restos mezclados fueron sacrificios de acompañamiento para las élites enterradas debajo. Así, este estudio provee evidencia bioarqueológica, para la violencia ritual en Paquimé, lo cual probablemente refleja el producto de un ritual culturalmente específico y de actores políticos en el sitio.

Notes

1 Throughout this article, we use the term Northwest/Southwest to reflect the role that prehistoric cultures of Northwestern Mexico had on the sociopolitical developments of the cultures of the American Southwest.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council [grant number 435-2013-0168].

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