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Notes
1 H. Mainwaring, Nomenclator Navalis, British Library Add. MS 21571, 182.
2 Anglo-Norman Dictionary (AND), http://www.anglo-norman.net/.
3 The peer reviewer called attention to some European equivalents of parbuckle, which prompt this brief speculation on etymologies. The French verb trévirer incorporates the simplex virer ‘to turn’, complemented by the prefix tré- (< Latin trans) in the sense of thoroughly, thus, passing ropes entirely about an object. Spanish tiravirar may be an adaptation of the French term, with the first element recast as a form of tirar ‘to pull’. German schroten seems to originate as ‘to grind coarsely’ but had a technical application in mine support work and related as close or contact cribbing and timbering.
4 Smith, J. A Sea Grammar (London, 1627), 21.