The Development of leisure in Iran: The experience of the twentieth century

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Notes

1. W.H. Martin and S. Mason, ‘Leisure in three Middle Eastern Countries’, World Leisure, Vol.45, No.1 (2003), pp.35–44.

2. W.H. Martin and S. Mason, ‘Leisure in an Islamic Context’, World Leisure, Vol.46, No.1 (2004), pp.4–13.

3. For a summary of these concepts and associated bibliography, see W.H. Martin and S. Mason, Transforming the Future: Rethinking Free Time and Work (Sudbury: Leisure Consultants, 1998), pp.11–13, 127–31.

4. J. Neulinger, The Psychology of Leisure (Springfield, Ill: Charles C. Thomas, 1981), pp.15–23.

5. H.M. Ibrahim, ‘Leisure and Islam’, Leisure Studies, Vol.1, No.2 (1982), pp.197–210.

6. K. Walseth and K. Fasting, ‘Islam's View on Physical Activity and Sport: Egyptian Women interpreting Islam’, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, Vol.18, No.1 (2003), pp.45–60.

7. See notably T.A.M. El-Sayed, ‘Education for Leisure in the Light of Islamic Education’, World Leisure, Vol.39, No.2 (1997), pp.17–22; E.H. Hanafy, ‘Games and Sport’, in J.L. Esposito (ed.), Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp.42–5; H.M. Ibrahim (1982); W.H. Martin and S. Mason (2004).

8. See e.g. bibliography in W.H. Martin and S. Mason (2004) and also H.E. Chehabi, ‘An Annotated Bibliography of Sports and Games in the Iranian World’, Iranian Studies, Vol.35, No.4 (2002b), pp.403–19.

9. W.H. Martin and S. Mason (2003), p.43.

10. H.E. Chehabi, (2002b), pp.403–19.

11. W.H. Martin and S. Mason (1998), pp.30–1.

12. J. Abbott, The Iranians: how they Live and Work (London: David & Charles, 1977), p.79.

13. R.M. Savory, ‘Social Development in Iran during the Pahlavi Era’, in G. Lenczowski (ed.), Iran under the Pahlavis (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978), p.86.

14. J. Abbott, p.147.

15. D.N. Wilber, Iran Past and Present (4th edn), (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1958), p.173.

16. See e.g. P. Bailey, Leisure and Class in Victorian England (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978); K.A. Cordes and H.M. Ibrahim, Applications in Recreation and Leisure: for Today and the Future (3rd edn), (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003); R.W. Malcolmson, Popular Recreations in English Society 1700–1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973).

17. A.R. Arasteh and J. Arasteh, Man and Society in Iran (Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1970), p.143.

18. J. Abbott, p.149.

19. A.R. Arasteh and J. Arasteh, p.150.

20. G. Thaiss, ‘The Bazaar as a Case Study of Religion and Social Change’, in E. Yar Shater, Iran Faces the Seventies (New York: Praeger, 1971), pp.201–2.

21. These are documented in D.N. Wilber (1958), pp.185–7; J. Abbott, p.149.

22. Relevant illustrations are shown in E. Sims et al., Peerless Images: Persian Painting and its Sources (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2002), pp.126, 246–7.

23. For details of behaviour patterns of the elite in Arab society in medieval Damascus and Baghdad see P. Hitti, History of the Arabs (10th edn), (New York: Macmillan, 1970) pp.226–9, 332–42.

24. See R.W. Malcolmson, pp.71–4, for a description of the role of the public house in 18th century England.

25. D.N. Wilber, (1958), p.167.

26. P. Chelkowski, ‘Popular Entertainment, Media and Social Change in Twentieth-Century Iran’, in P. Avery et al. (eds), Cambridge History of Iran: Vol 7, From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp.766–7.

27. P. Chelkowski, p.765.

28. P. Chelkowski, pp.770–6.

29. P. Chelkowski, p.772.

30. See comments in K. Roberts, Leisure, 2nd edn (London: Longmans, 1981), pp.12–13; S.R. Parker, The Sociology of Leisure (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1976), pp.20–2.

31. A.R. Arasteh and J. Arasteh, pp.25–9.

32. D.N. Wilber, Contemporary Iran (London: Thames and Hudson, 1963), pp.43–4.

33. Aspects of the Zurkhane are reviewed in P. Chelkowski, pp.767–68, and in P. Rochard, ‘The Identities of the Iranian Zurkhanah’, Iranian Studies, Vol. 35, No.4, (2002), pp.313–40.

34. J. Abbott, p 159.

35. T. Daryaee, ‘Mind, Body, and the Cosmos: Chess and Backgammon in Ancient Persia’, Iranian Studies, Vol.35, No.4 (2002), pp.281–312.

36. Such wider interests are identified in F. Adelkhah, Being Modern in Iran (London: Hurst & Co., 1998), p 17 et seq.; and in W.H. Forbis, Fall of the Peacock Throne: The Story of Iran (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), p.172; as well as in a recent study, A. Goushegir, Le combat du colombophile. Jeu aux pigeons et stigmatisation sociale (Tehran: Institut Français des Etudes Iraniennes, 1997).

37. See e.g. J.W. Jacqz (ed), Iran: Past, Present and Future (New York: Aspen Institute, 1976); and G. Lenczowski (ed).

38. P. Chelkowski, p.768.

39. Authors' estimates based on P. Chelkowski, p.804.

40. P. Chelkowski, p.766.

41. A.R. Arasteh and J. Arasteh, p.145.

42. H.E. Chehabi, ‘A Political History of Football in Iran’, Iranian Studies, Vol.35, No.4 (2002a), pp.374–89.

43. W.H. Forbis, pp.171–2.

44. C. Schayegh, ‘Sport, Health, and the Iranian Middle Class in the 1920s and 1930s’, Iranian Studies, Vol.35, No.4 (2002), pp.341–70.

45. D.N. Wilber, (1958), p.206.

46. See H.E. Chehabi, (2002a), pp.384–8.

47. J. Abbott, pp.159–61; C. Schayegh, pp.341–70.

48. H.E. Chehabi, ‘A Short History of Iranian Soccer’, Iran Nameh, Vol.XVll, No.1 (1999), (in Farsi), p.98.

49. J. Abbott, pp.148–52.

50. B.G. Fragner, ‘Freitag in Tehran: Iranisches Wochenende’, in J. P. Rinderspacher, et al. (eds), Die Welt am Wochenende (Bochum: Swi Verlag, 1994), pp.170–73.

51. W.H. Martin and S. Mason, (2003), esp. pp.44–5.

52. D.N. Wilber, (1963), p.160.

53. A.R. Arasteh and J. Arasteh, p.180.

54. A.R. Arasteh and J. Arasteh, p.147.

55. G. Thaiss, pp.201–3.

56. M. Kamali, Revolutionary Iran: Civil Society and State in the Modernisation Process (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 1998), pp.172–9.

57. P. Chelkowski, pp.812–3.

58. S. Farsoun et al. (eds), Iran: Political Culture in the Islamic Republic (London: Routledge, 1992), pp.16, 93–6.

59. H.E. Chehabi, (2002a), p.388; N. Keddie, ‘Women in Iran since 1979’, Social Research, Vol.67, No.2, (2000) pp.405–38.

60. See e.g. M. Kamali; also N. Keddie and E. Hooglund (eds) The Iranian Revolution & The Islamic Republic (New York: Syracuse University Press, 1986).

61. H. Naficy, ‘Cassettes’, in J.L. Esposito (ed), pp.265–70.

62. P. Chelkowski, p 769.

63. E. Sciolino, Persian Mirrors: The Elusive Face of Iran (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), pp.96–9.

64. F. Adelkhah, p.105 et seq.

65. N. Keddie, pp.405–38.

66. H. Naficy, ‘Islamizing Film Culture in Iran’, in S. Farsoun, et al. (eds), pp.178–83.

67. J. Simpson and T. Shubart, Lifting the Veil: Life in Revolutionary Iran (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1995), pp.214–6.

68. H. Naficy, (1992), p.205.

69. L. Boroumand and R. Boroumand, ‘Illusion and Reality of Civil Society in Iran: An Ideological Debate’, Social Research, Vol. 67, No. 2 (2000), pp.328–34; E. Sciolino, pp.249–60.

70. See e.g. H.E. Chehabi, (2002a), pp.389 et seq.

71. H.E. Chehabi, (2002a), pp.389–90.

72. F. Adelkhah, pp.140–6.

73. ‘Rafsanjani: Educating Young Generation, an Islamic Principle’, in Tehran Times, 4 May 1998. ‘M.M. Araqi: Enemy is Trying to Alienate Youth From Islam’, in Tehran Times, 26 June 1999. ‘Friday Prayers Leader Warns Against Weakening of Morality’, in Tehran Times, 10 July 1999.

74. J. Steel and S. Richter-Devroe, ‘The Development of Women's Football in Iran. A Perspective on the Future for Women's Sport in the Islamic Republic’, Iran, Vol.XLI (2003), pp.315–22.

75. F. Adelkhah, pp.109–10, 130.

76. B.G. Fragner, pp.173–5.

77. D.N. Wilber, (1958), pp.200–1.

78. F. Adelkhah, p.126.

79. F. Adelkhah, p.156.

80. B.G. Fragner, pp.177–8.

81. F. Adelkhah, p.157.

82. E. Sciolino, pp.93–108.

83. F. Adelkhah, pp.139, 146–9.

84. Some recent additions to the available data are given in M.T. Sheykhi, ‘Globalizing Influence on Leisure: A Perspective from Iran’, World Leisure, Vol.46, No.4 (2004), pp.59–67.