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Abstract
Xylaria axifera is apparently related to X. comosa, and although it is restricted to the petioles of plants in the Araliaceae, it apparently does not invade its host until after the petioles have fallen. The description of X. axifera is emended to account for this host specificity and to include distinctive characteristics not provided in the original description. Two new, closely related Xylaria species that are only found on litter from trees in the Meliaceae (X. meliacearum on petioles and X. guareae on branches) are also described.