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Abstract
The new order Mycocaliciales is described. It includes the nonlichenized Mycocaliciaceae and Sphinctrinaceae, which occur as saprobes or commensals on lichens. They are further characterized by having stalked or sessile ascomata consisting of sclerotized, blackish brown hyphae, cylindrical asci and a dark brown spore wall. A variety of coelomycetous and hyphomycetous anamorphs are known. They are thus morphologically quite different from the lichenized members of Caliciaceae (Lecanorales), with which they were for a long time thought to be closely related. Sequence data from the SSU of rDNA indicate the monophyly of the members of Mycocaliciaceae and Sphinctrinaceae, and furthermore show them to be only distantly related to Caliciaceae. Current molecular phylogenies suggest that Mycocaliciales may be related to Eurotiales/Onygenales.