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Abstract
The known distribution of the lichens Flavocetraria cucullata and F. nivalis in the Southern Hemisphere is discussed. Flavocetraria cucullata occurs at high altitudes in Peru and Bolivia, whereas F. nivalis ssp. nivalis has a disjunct distribution in South America, being known from one locality in Peru and from a restricted area in southernmost Chile and Argentina. These are the first confirmed records of F. nivalis from Chile. A herbarium specimen annotated “New Zealand” was found. This enigmatic specimen lacks information on collector and exact locality. Distribution maps for South America and notes on habitat ecology and distribution patterns are provided. Possible ages of bipolar lichen disjunctions are discussed, and it is suggested that the Flavocetraria patterns indicate a relatively recent establishment in South America. Cetraria ericetorum, found associated with F. cucullata, is a new record for Bolivia and northern South America.