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Original Articles

Psykiske egenskaber i neuropsykologien

Psychological traits in neuropsychology

(cand. psych.)
Pages 295-318 | Published online: 27 Feb 2017
 

Resumé

Ofte skelnes der ikke klart mellem almen- og differentiel psykologi, og inden for neuropsykologien fokuseres der sjældent systematisk på psykiske egenskaber og individuelle forskelle. Psykiske egenskaber defineres ved konsistente individuelle forskelle, og varige psykiske egenskaber—som intelligens og personlighedstræk—synes at have betydning for individets livsforløb på en lang række områder. Man kan ikke ud fra udviklingspsykologiske teorier afgøre, hvilke faktorer der i væsentlig grad påvirker udviklingen af psykiske egenskaber. Dette kan kun gøres på basis af empiriske undersøgelser med udgangspunkt i et grundigt kendskab til, hvorledes psykiske egenskaber er fordelt i befolkningen. Inden for neuropsykologien bør man i højere grad være opmærksom på, at almenpsykologiske beskrivelser af sammenhænge mellem hjerne og psyke ikke forklarer, hvorledes individuelle forskelle opstår. Man kan imidlertid ikke forvente at blive i stand til præcist at forudsige det enkelte individs udvikling og livsforløb. Derfor kan psykologien lære af sundhedsvidenskaberne, hvor forudsigelser af statistisk karakter vejer tungere end retrospektive ‘forklaringer’ af enkelttilfælde.

There is a need to distinguish between general psychology and differential psychology. A systematic focus on psychological characteristics and individual differences is rare in neuropsychology. Consistent individual differences define psychological characteristics and permanent psychological characteristics—e.g. intelligence and personality traits—seem to affect most areas of human life. It is impossible to decide which factors affect the development of psycho-logical traits on the basis of psychological theories of development. Only empirical studies, based on thorough knowledge of the distribution of psychological traits in a population, can provide the relevant evidence. Within neuropsychology, it is important to observe that general psychological descriptions of the relation between mental processes and the brain do not explain how individual differences develop. It is, however, unlikely that we will be able to make precise predictions about the development and life course of single individuals. Consequently, psychology may learn from the health sciences. They focus on statistical predictions for populations rather than on retrospective ‘explanations’ of individual cases.

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