1,729
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

The performativity of colour blindness: race politics and immigrant integration in France, 1980–2012

Pages 427-444 | Published online: 28 Aug 2012
 

ABSTRACT

France is usually conceived of as an assimilationist country, where national identity is based on principled colour-blind values. The emergence of values running counter to the dominant French model during the 1980s and 1990s has therefore led to the formation of two dominant positions in the literature: advocates of the path-dependent nature of models have refused to acknowledge the existence of structural and durable dissonances with this formal colour blindness à la française, while the epigones of Gunnar Myrdal have only seen a contradiction between formal colour-blind principles and the actual treatment of minority groups in France, described in terms of a ‘French dilemma’. Both positions are unsatisfying insofar as they fail properly to articulate the co-existence of, on the one hand, principles of colour blindness that have saturated public discourses in France over the last 30 years and, on the other, the no less omnipresent framing of French citizens with postcolonial immigrant origins in public and political discourses in racial and ethnic terms. To overcome this difficulty, Bertossi suggests we look at the mutually supportive relationship between colour blindness and the culturalization of French citizenship, and examine how the performative effects of the French colour-blind model have produced a framing of membership and identities in ethnic and racial terms in contemporary France. This analysis focuses on two different settings in which these effects can be observed: first, the official narrative on French citizenship, as provided by a series of public reports on immigrant integration published over the last three decades; second, the negotiations on ethnic and racial diversity in the French military after the end of conscription in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

Notes

1Ruud Koopmans, Paul Statham, Marco Giugni and Florence Passy, Contested Citizenship: Immigration and Cultural Diversity in Europe (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 2005); Ruud Koopmans, Ines Michalowski and Stine Waibel, ‘Citizenship rights for immigrants: national political processes and cross-national convergence in Western Europe, 1980–2008’, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 117, no. 4, 2012, 1202–45.

2Virginie Guiraudon, ‘L'intégration des immigrés ou la politique de l'esquive. Réformer sans changer de modèle?’, in Pepper Culpepper, Peter Hall and Bruno Palier (eds), La France en mutation, 1980–2005 (Paris: Presses de Sciences Po 2006), 265–99.

3Martin Schain, The Politics of Immigration in France, Britain and the United States: A Comparative Study (New York: Palgrave 2009).

4Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1992).

5Jeremy Jennings, ‘Citizenship, republicanism and multiculturalism in contemporary France’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 30, no. 4, 2000, 575–87.

6Christophe Bertossi, ‘French republicanism and the problem of normative density’, Comparative European Politics, vol. 10, no. 3, 2012, 248–65.

7Adrian Favell, Philosophies of Integration: Immigration and the Idea of Citizenship in France and Britain (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan 1998).

8Koopmans et al., Contested Citizenship, 72–3; Ruud Koopmans, ‘Migrant mobilisation and political opportunities: variation among German cities and a comparison with the United Kingdom and the Netherlands’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 30, no. 3, 2004, 449–70.

9Jocelyne Streiff Fénart, ‘A French dilemma: anti-discrimination policies and minority claims in contemporary France’, Comparative European Politics, vol. 10, no. 3, 2012, 283–300; Valérie Amiraux, ‘Revisiting the multiculturalist model: France’, in Alessandro Silj (ed.), European Multiculturalism Revisited (London: Zed Books 2010); and, to some extent, Didier Fassin and Éric Fassin (eds), De la question sociale à la question raciale: représenter la société française (Paris: La découverte 2006).

10Eugen Weber, From Peasants to French Men. The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press 1976).

11Marceau Long (ed.), Être français aujourd'hui et demain. Rapport de la Commission de la nationalité au Premier ministre (Paris: La Documentation française 1988), 2 vols. (Unless otherwise stated, all translations from the French are by the author.)

12Marceau Long, Être français aujourd'hui et demain, vol. 1, 38.

15Haut Conseil à l'Intégration, Liens culturels et intégration. Rapport au Premier ministre (Paris: La Documentation française 1995), 16 and 18.

16Haut Conseil à l'Intégration, Liens culturels et intégration. Rapport au Premier ministre (Paris: La Documentation française 1995), 52.

13Haut Conseil à l'Intégration, Affaiblissement du lien social, enfermement dans les particularismes et intégration dans la Cité. Rapport au Premier ministre (Paris: La Documentation française 1997).

14Marceau Long, Être français aujourd'hui et demain, vol. 1, 48.

17On the culturalization of French immigration policies in earlier periods, see Alexis Spire, Etrangers à la carte. L'administration de l'immigration en France (1945–1975) (Paris: Grasset 2005); Patrick Weil, La France et ses étrangers: L'aventure d'une politique d'immigration 1938–1991 (Paris: Éditions Calman-Lévy 1991).

18Haut Conseil à l'Intégration, Affaiblissement du lien social, 22.

19Didier Fassin, ‘L'invention française de la discrimination’, Revue française de science politique, vol. 52, no. 4, 2002, 403–23 (405).

20Haut Conseil à l'Intégration, Lutte contre les discriminations. Faire respecter le principe d’égalité. Rapport au Premier ministre (Paris: La Documentation française 1998), 5–8.

21Conseil d’état, Sur le principe d’égalité (Paris: La documentation française 1997), 45.

23Martine Aubry, ‘Discours de Martine Aubry, ministre de l'emploi et de la solidarité. Conférence de presse à propos du lancement du numéro d'appel gratuit 114 “Lutte contre les discriminations raciales”’, 16 May 2000, available on the Vie Publique website at http://discours.vie-publique.fr/notices/003001531.html (viewed 25 June 2012).

22Andrew Geddes and Virginie Guiraudon, ‘The Europeanization of anti-discrimination in Britain and France’, in Christophe Bertossi (ed.), European Anti-Discrimination and the Politics of Citizenship: France and Britain (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2007), 125–42.

25Haut Conseil à l'Intégration, Le bilan de la politique d'intégration: 2002–2005. Rapport au Premier ministre (Paris: La documentation française 2006), 18.

24Haut Conseil à l'Intégration, Le bilan de la politique d'intégration: 2002–2005. Rapport au Premier ministre (Paris: La documentation française 2006), 17.

26Bernard Stasi, Vers la Haute Autorité de lutte contre les discriminations et pour l‘égalité, Rapport remis au Premier ministre (Paris: La Documentation française 2004).

27François Baroin, Pour une nouvelle laïcité. Rapport au Premier ministre (Paris: Club Dialogue & Initiative 2003) available on the Association for the Advancement of Human Rights (aidh) website at http://www.aidh.org/laic/bar-intro.htm (viewed 25 June 2012).

28Bernard Stasi (ed.), Laïcité et République. Rapport de la Commission de réflexion sur l'application du principe de laïcité dans la République remis au Président de la République le 11 décembre 2003 (Paris: La Documentation française 2003).

30Haut Conseil à l'Intégration, Le bilan de la politique d'intégration: 2002–2005, 43.

29Éric Fassin, ‘Aveugles à la race ou au racisme ? Une approche stratégique’, in Didier Fassin and Éric Fassin (eds), De la question sociale à la question raciale, 106–130.

31Nicolas Sarkozy, ‘Discours de M. le Président de la République française, La Chapelle-en-Vercors’,12 November 2009, available at the French Embassy in the UK website at http://www.ambafrance-uk.org/Discours-du-President-Sarkozy-sur,16359 (viewed 25 June 2012).

32Brice Hortefeux, ‘Point de presse sur l'affaire de Nantes: déclaration de monsieur Brice Hortefeux, ministre de l'Intérieur, de l'Outre-Mer et des Collectivités Territoriales’, 9 June 2010, available on the French ministry of interior website at http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/archives/archives-brice-hortefeux/interventions/affaire-lies-hebbadj-nantes/view (viewed 25 June 2012).

33Conseil d’État, Study of Possible Legal Grounds for Banning the Full Veil. Report Adopted by the Plenary General Assembly of the Conseil d’État Thursday 25 March 2010 (Paris: Conseil d’État / Reports and Studies Section 2010), available on the International Association of Supreme Administrative Jurisdictions website at http://www.aihja.org/images/users/1/files/fullveil.en.pdf?PHPSESSID=f83dg63dqj61vokoep4kk44fu1 (viewed 25 June 2012).

34Conseil d’État, Study of Possible Legal Grounds for Banning the Full Veil. Report Adopted by the Plenary General Assembly of the Conseil d’État Thursday 25 March 2010 (Paris: Conseil d’État / Reports and Studies Section 2010), available on the International Association of Supreme Administrative Jurisdictions website at http://www.aihja.org/images/users/1/files/fullveil.en.pdf?PHPSESSID=f83dg63dqj61vokoep4kk44fu1 (viewed 25 June 2012)., 27–8.

35 Le Figaro, ‘Loi sur la burqa: avis défavorable du Conseil d’État’ (14 May 2010).

36Eugen Weber, From Peasants to French Men.

37Gérard De Puymège, ‘Le soldat Chauvin’, in Pierre Nora (ed.), Les lieux de mémoire—2 (Paris: Gallimard 1997), 1699–1727.

38Annie Crépin, Histoire de la conscription (Paris: Gallimard 2009), 89.

39Christophe Bertossi and Catherine Wihtol de Wenden, Les couleurs du drapeau. L'armée française face aux discriminations (Paris: Robert Laffon 2007).

40Interview with the author, 23 February 2004.

42This is an excerpt from the call for proposals published by the Center for Defence Social Studies (C2SD), which commissioned the first research in 2003 (author's translation).

41Jean Joana, ‘La politique de la ressource humaine des armées en France et en Grande-Bretagne: les sens d'une réforme’, Revue française de science politique, vol. 54, no. 4, 2004, 811–27.

43Christophe Bertossi and Dorothée Prud'homme, Mobilité sociale et diversité culturelle: le jeu des identités dans la gendarmerie française (Paris: Ifri, a research report to the Centre de Prospective de la Gendarmerie française 2009), unpublished document.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.