Gelidium adriaticum sp. nov. and Gelidium carolinianum sp. nov. (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) from the Mediterranean Sea

ABSTRACT

Identification of small Gelidium species based on morphology is difficult; as a consequence, the name Gelidium pusillum has been used for many small gelidiacean taxa throughout the world. Molecular-assisted identifications, however, are demonstrating that G. pusillum has a more restricted distribution than previously recognised. We used detailed morphological analyses combined with rbcL and cox1 sequence analyses to identify and assess the phylogenetic relationships of small Mediterranean Gelidium species. These analyses revealed the presence of two new species, G. adriaticum sp. nov. and G. carolinianum sp. nov. Gelidium adriaticum is a closely related sister species to G. pusillum, which was not found amongst our Mediterranean specimens. Gelidium carolinianum has been previously collected outside the Mediterranean, but it was misidentified as G. americanum. Morphological observations and sequence data generated from G. americanum types and other historical specimens clarified the status and distribution of this species. Phylogenetic analyses resolved G. carolinianum as a species in the Mediterranean and warm-temperate northwest Atlantic; whereas, G. americanum occurs in the Caribbean and tropical western Atlantic, and is sister to G. calidum from Brazil and closely related to G. crinale.

KEYWORDS:

• cox1
• Gelidium americanum
• Gelidium calidum
• Gelidium pusillum
• Morphology
• rbcL
• Systematics

Supplemental data

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed on the publisher’s website.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to C. Battelli and E. Cecere for providing samples from Koper Bay, Slovenia, and from the Cheradi Islands, Taranto, Italy, respectively, and to A. Lisco for help with sample collection and for providing technical assistance. We also thank the curators of WNC, NCU and MICH for arranging the loan of herbarium sheets or fragments for morphological and molecular analyses. Special thanks are due to G. Furnari for his invaluable taxonomic and nomenclatural suggestions and to the editor and two anonymous referees for their helpful comments.

Additional information

Funding

This work was funded by the Apulian Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention and Protection (ARPA Puglia) to AB, by Basic Science Research Programme through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the ministry of Education (2018R1A6A3A03012648) to GHB, by NSF BS&I grant #0742437, a CMS Pilot Project grant, and the CMS DNA Algal Trust to DWF.