Solubility, dissolution thermodynamics and preferential solvation of 4-nitroaniline in (ethanol + water) mixtures

ABSTRACT

In this research, the equilibrium mole fraction solubility of 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) in some aqueous-ethanolic mixtures was determined at seven temperatures from (293.15 to 323.15) K. The respective apparent thermodynamic functions (Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy) of the dissolution processes were computed using the van’t Hoff and Gibbs equations. The enthalpy-entropy relationship for 4-NA was non-linear in the plot of enthalpy vs. Gibbs energy of solution with negative slopes from neat water to the mixture w₁ = 0.10 and from w₁ = 0.20 to neat ethanol but positive slope from w₁ = 0.10 to w₁ = 0.20. Therefore, the driving mechanism for 4-NA transfer processes is the entropy in water-rich mixtures. Additionally, by means of the inverse Kirkwood-Buff integrals is observed that 4-NA is preferentially solvated by water molecules in water-rich mixtures but preferentially solvated by ethanol molecules in the mixtures of 0.23 ≤ x₁ ≤ 1.00.

KEYWORDS:

• 4-nitroaniline
• (ethanol + water) mixtures
• solubility
• solution thermodynamics
• preferential solvation

Disclosure statement

The authors report no conflict of interest related to this manuscript.