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Abstract
Indications that residual urine determination is necessary can often be discovered, after careful history taking, by assessing the appearance of a patient's bladder, percussing it, and feeling it. If examination does not provide sufficient information in patients with suggestive histories, catheterization may be indicated. Indirect means of residual urine determination include x-rays, the phenolsulfonphthalein excretion test, and cineradiograms.