Abstract
Recent intensive study has somewhat clarified the pathogenesis of cold injury and provided a basis for new technics of treatment. The greatest advance in immediate care of patients with frostbite can be accomplished by educating the public in early-care technics. The most important advance in therapy is the technic of rapid rewarming; however, it is not recommended when the part has been thawed and refrozen. The role of sympathectomy in the management of frostbite remains undefined.