Evaluation of hematuria

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Many people immediately think of a kidney or bladder tumor when they notice blood in their urine, but that is the cause in only a minority of cases. Many conditions can produce bleeding, the source of which can occur anywhere along the upper and lower urinary tract. Some are benign, some are potentially serious, and some cause “false” bleeding. The authors describe the possibilities and the many noninvasive urologic procedures that are available to diagnose and treat the cause of hematuria.