Cardiovascular causes of syncope

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When does a fainting spell indicate cardiac arrhythmia or a neurocardiogenic problem and when is it a sign of a less serious condition? The authors describe underlying cardiovascular problems that can cause syncope and the cycle of effects that bring it about. In some cases, a specific cause cannot be established. However, when the cause is known, a treatment plan can usually be recommended on the basis of the patient's cardiac history. The authors summarize their experience with various treatment methods.