Atomoxetine treatment in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Abstract

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a CNS disorder that has its onset in childhood, but often persists into adulthood. There is growing recognition that adult ADHD can result in multiple negative consequences for individuals. ADHD is also often associated with a number of comorbid psychiatric disorders. Atomoxetine (ATX), a nonstimulant, selective noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor, was approved in the United States in 2002 for the treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents, as well as adults. We review here the safety and efficacy of ATX in adults with ADHD, including data in special populations, functional outcomes, as well as provider and patient real-world perceptions. Methods: We searched the databases Embase, MEDLINE and PsycINFO using the terms ‘ADHD’ and ‘adult’ and ‘ATX’ capturing publications from January 1, 1998, to March 27, 2014. Only publications in English were considered. Results: ATX demonstrated significantly greater improvement than placebo (PBO) on the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale-Investigator rated:Screening Version (CAARS-Inv:SV) in all trials (N = 6; total score difference ranged from −3.5 to −5.5). For long-term trials using the CAARS-Inv:SV, ATX demonstrated significantly greater improvement than PBO in three of four trials (total score differences ranged from −0.1 to −6.0). In short-term studies, ATX showed significantly greater improvement than PBO on the Adult ADHD Quality-of-Life scale total score in three of three studies, but results were mixed on the Sheehan Disability Scale. Three studies of ATX have reported statistically significant improvement (compared with PBO) on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version Self Report scale. The most common adverse events (occurring in ≥ 10% of patients taking ATX) were nausea, dry mouth, decreased appetite, insomnia and fatigue. Conclusions: ATX is an important treatment option for the right patient. ATX can provide long-term, consistent symptom relief and functional improvement for adults with ADHD.

Keywords:

• Atomoxetine
• adult
• attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
• noradrenaline

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Dr. Lenard A. Adler for his valuable contributions to the manuscript.

Declaration of interest

Assistance with manuscript development and editing was provided by inVentiv Health Clinical, LLC; this was funded by Eli Lilly and Company. DJ Walker, DB Clemow, and KA Day are employees and minor shareholders of Eli Lilly and Company. O Mason is on advisory boards for Sunovion and Eli Lilly, and also receives research support from Eli Lilly. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.