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Articles

Examining the Impact of Environmental Factors on Quality of Life Across Massachusetts

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Pages 187-204 | Received 01 Feb 2011, Accepted 01 Aug 2011, Published online: 03 Feb 2012
 

Abstract

Several studies indicate that there are significant relationships among quality of life, green vegetation, and socioeconomic conditions, particularly in urban environments. The purpose of this research is twofold: (1) to compare two weighting and aggregation techniques, data envelopment analysis (DEA) and principal components analysis (PCA), in the development of a socioeconomic index; and (2) to test for and explore spatial variation in the relationship between socioeconomic index and environmental variables using geographically weighted regression (GWR). The analysis was conducted at the census block group level in Massachusetts. First, DEA and PCA were used to generate two separate socioeconomic indexes. Second, the relationship between these indexes and environmental variables including percentage impervious surface, percentage industrial land use, percentage land used for waste, and traffic density was modeled using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and GWR. The GWR models explained more variance in the relationship than the OLS models and indicated that there is considerable spatial variation in the character and the strength of this relationship. The results of the GWR analyses were similar between the models generated using DEA- and PCA-derived indexes, indicating that the results were corroborative. The study concludes that the environmental variables are generally a strong predictor of the socioeconomic conditions at the scale of census block group; however, there is substantial geographical variation in the strength and the character of this relationship. The results of this study also suggest that various weighting and aggregation methods should be tested in every study that uses or creates composite indicators.

Varios estudios revelan la existencia de relaciones significativas entre la calidad de vida, la vegetación verde y las condiciones socio-económicas, particularmente en entornos urbanos. El propósito de esta investigación es dual: (1) comparar dos técnicas de ponderación y agregación, el análisis envolvente de datos (DEA, acrónimo original en inglés, como los siguientes utilizados en el abstract) y análisis de componentes principales (PCA), para el desarrollo de un índice socio-económico; y (2) poner a prueba y explorar la variación espacial en la relación entre el índice socio-económico y variables ambientales, aplicando la regresión geográficamente ponderada (GWR). El análisis se efectuó a nivel grupal de manzanas censales en Massachusetts. Primero, DEA y PCA se utilizaron para generar dos índices socio-económicos separados. Segundo, la relación entre estos índices y las variables ambientales—que incluyeron porcentaje de superficie impermeable, porcentaje de uso industrial de la tierra, porcentaje de uso del suelo para desechos y densidad del tráfico—se modeló por medio de regresión de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios (OLS) y GWR. Los modelos GWR explicaron más varianza en la relación que los modelos OLS, e indicaron que existe considerable variación espacial en el carácter y fortaleza de esta relación. Los resultados de los análisis con GWR fueron similares entre los modelos generados con el uso de los índices derivados por medio de DEA y PCA, indicando que los resultados fueron corroborativos. El estudio concluye que las variables ambientales generalmente son un fuerte vaticinador de las condiciones socio-económicas a la escala de grupos de manzanas censales; no obstante, existe una sustancial variación geográfica en la fuerza y el carácter de esta relación. También, los resultados de este estudio sugieren que varios métodos de ponderación y agregación deben ser puestos a prueba en todo estudio que utilice o produzca indicadores compuestos

Notes

We would like to thank our colleague Sam Ratick for his invaluable assistance with the data envelopment analysis and his comments on the earlier version of the article.

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