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Abstract
Empirical evidence of environmental performance of urban areas designed according to the principles of sustainable urbanism is limited. Using the case study of Civano, a planned development that was designed and marketed as a sustainable community in Tucson, Arizona, we quantify fine-scale differences in urban form and delivery of ecosystem services. We found that the urban design of the first phase of development translated to the lowest surface temperatures and highest albedo and vegetative density. The first and second phases of the development greatly reduced potable water consumption through the addition of nonpotable resources; however, the second phase had higher temperatures and less dense vegetation than even the conventional development. Our results show modest improvements in environmental performance through sustainable urbanism and suggest further refinement in fine-scale spatial analysis of the role of urban design in the provisioning of services.
根据可持续城市主义的原则所设计的城市地区, 其环境绩效的经验证据相当有限。西瓦诺 (Civano) 社区是位于亚利桑那州图森市一个设计成可持续发展的社区、并以此行销的计划式发展, 我们运用西瓦诺的案例研究, 量化城市形式的微尺度差异与生态系统服务的供给。我们发现, 发展第一阶段的城市设计, 转化成最低的表面温度和最高的反照率及植栽密度。发展的第一及第二阶段, 透过附加非饮用水资源, 大幅降低了饮用水的消耗; 但第二阶段较传统的发展而言, 甚至有着更高的温度与更低的植栽密度。我们的研究结果指出, 透过可持续发展的城市主义, 环境绩效有适中的改善, 并主张进一步完善对于城市设计在服务供给中的角色之微尺度空间分析。
Es escasa la evidencia empírica relacionada con el desempeño ambiental de las áreas urbanas diseñadas de acuerdo con los principios del urbanismo sustentable. A partir del estudio de caso de Civano, un desarrollo planificado que se diseñó y se vendió a título de comunidad sustentable en Tucson, Arizona, nosotros cuantificamos las diferencias a fina escala en forma urbana y prestación de servicios ecosistémicos. Encontramos que el diseño urbano de la primera fase del desarrollo se adecuó a las temperaturas superficiales más bajas y el más alto albedo y densidad vegetativa. La primera y segunda fases del desarrollo redujeron apreciablemente el consumo de agua potable mediante la adición de recursos no potables; sin embargo, la segunda fase tuvo temperaturas más altas y menos vegetación densa que el desarrollo convencional. Nuestros resultados muestran mejoras modestas en desempeño ambiental mediante el urbanismo sustentable y sugieren un mayor refinamiento en el análisis espacial a escala fina del papel del diseño urbano en el suministro de servicios.
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Notes on contributors
V. Kelly Turner
V. KELLY TURNER is an Assistant Professor of Geography at Kent State University, 436 McGilvrey Hall, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, OH 44242–0001. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research interests include urban planning approaches to environmental sustainability and decision making and management of urban ecosystems.
Christopher S. Galletti
CHRISTOPHER S. GALLETTI is a PhD candidate at Arizona State University, School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Coor Hall, 975 S. Myrtle Ave., Fifth Floor, P.O. Box 875302, Tempe, AZ 85287–5302. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include land change science, remote-sensing, and GIS approaches to understanding global change in paleoenvironments and arid and semiarid landscapes.