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Focus: Critical Data, Critical Technology

Big Data from the Ground Up: Mobile Maps and Geographic Knowledge

Pages 157-164 | Received 01 Dec 2015, Accepted 01 Jan 2017, Published online: 20 Jun 2017
 

Abstract

Consumer users of maps on mobile devices are producing noteworthy geographic knowledges in the contexts of their own lives that are distinct from those of professional data scientists. By leveraging the streaming nature of big data in mobile maps and zooming multiscalar views, consumer users' mobile map practices produce a popular, multiscalar form of visual geographic knowledge that is both enabled and limited by its big data assemblage and associated technologies. The first half of this article outlines the role of consumer user practices amidst spatial big data assemblages, not for volunteered geographic information or aggregate analysis but for contextual, everyday use. Consumer users and their knowledges are coconstituted through mobile map viewing and as materially limited technological practices. This article focuses specifically on the consumer users' concept of scale in this context, for Web-based maps' multiscalar views differentiate them from older maps. The second half analyzes mobile map consumer users' concepts of scale in a series of focus groups that involved both questions and observing participants' actions with maps on their own phones. Instead of passively accepting maps at predetermined optimized scales from the map application, consumer users actively viewed the map across scales while searching but not while navigating.

行动装置地图的消费使用者, 正在其自身的生活中生产可观的地理知识, 并与专业数据科学家所生产的知识有所不同。透过权衡行动地图中大数据的串流本质, 以及缩放多重尺度之浏览, 消费使用者的行动地图实践生产了大众且多重尺度的视觉地理知识形式, 该知识因其大数据凑组和相关技术而成为可能, 但也同时受其限制。本文前半部份概要消费使用者在空间大数据凑组中的实践之角色, 该实践并不是为了自发地理信息或是总体分析, 而是为了脉络化的日常生活使用。消费使用者及其知识, 透过行动地图浏览共同建构之, 并作为在物质上有限的科技实践。本文特别聚焦消费使用者在此脉络中的尺度概念, 因为以互联网为基础的地图的多重尺度浏览, 使其与旧式的地图有所不同。本文的后半部, 在同时质疑并观察参与者对自身手机上的地图之行动的一系列焦点团体中, 分析行动地图消费使用者的尺度概念。与消极接受地图应用软件预先决定的最佳尺度之地图相反的是, 消费使用者在搜寻时积极地浏览不同尺度的地图, 但在行进时则不这麽做。

Los usuarios consumidores de mapas en dispositivos móviles están produciendo conocimiento geográfico notable en los contextos de sus propias vidas, que son diferentes de los datos profesionales de los científicos. Aprovechando la característica de fluidez continua de los big data en los mapas móviles y las vistas multiescalares que genera el zoom, las prácticas de los usuarios de mapas móviles producen una forma popular y multiescalar de conocimiento geográfico visual que es a la vez habilitada y limitada por su ensamblaje de big data y tecnologías asociadas. La primera mitad de este artículo esquematiza el papel de las prácticas del usuario consumidor en medio de ensamblajes de big data espaciales, no por información geográfica entregada voluntariamente o por análisis agregado, sino por uso contextual y cotidiano. Los usuarios consumidores y sus conocimientos están co-constituidos a través de la lectura móvil de mapas y como prácticas tecnológicas materialmente limitadas. Este artículo se enfoca específicamente en el concepto de escala en ese contexto de los usuarios consumidores, porque las visiones multiescalares los diferencian de mapas más antiguos. La segunda mitad analiza los conceptos de escala de los usuarios consumidores de mapas móviles en una serie de grupos focales que involucraron tanto preguntas como observaciones sobre las acciones de los participantes con mapas, en sus propios teléfonos. En vez de aceptar pasivamente mapas a predeterminadas escalas optimizadas desde la aplicación para mapas, los usuarios consumidores activamente leyeron el mapa a través de escalas mientras buscaban, pero no mientras navegaban.

Acknowledgments

Thanks to Karen Wilwol for assistance in conducting and transcribing the focus groups.

Notes

1 Such as Google Maps for mobile devices, Apple Maps, or a similar application on a smartphone or tablet.

2 “Popular” does not include everyone or mean that something is democratic. It is merely common and influential.

3 Unless you can carry an entire printed map library, indexed across scales by location down to single mailing addresses.

4 Such as traffic conditions.

5 Or at least your needs and the needs of the company that builds and serves the map application.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Craig M. Dalton

CRAIG M. DALTON is an Assistant Professor of Global Studies and Geography and Program Coordinator for Geographic Information Systems at Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549. E-mail: [email protected]. He specializes in questions of power, vision, data, and technology, particularly in terms of maps, GIS, mobile technologies, and data science.

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