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Articles

The Lingering Effects of Neighborhood Appraisal: Evaluating Redlining's Legacy in Pittsburgh

Pages 339-349 | Received 01 Apr 2017, Accepted 01 Jul 2017, Published online: 09 Oct 2017
 

Abstract

Place-based classifications can create long-standing influences on neighborhood fortunes. Redlining is a classic example of these unintended effects. The Federal Home Loan Bank Board developed housing appraisal standards subsequently codified in Residential Security Maps. By georeferencing the 1937 map of Pittsburgh, we evaluated the spatial legacies of neighborhood appraisals. We identify persistent neighborhood conditions by comparing neighborhood evaluations with normalized census data from 1970 to 2000. Contemporary conditions correspond with security grades from the 1937 map. Concentrations of poverty, people of color, and vacancy persist in historically redlined areas. Concentrations of high incomes, home values, and homeownership persist elsewhere.

根据地方的分类, 会对邻里的命运产生长期的影响。拒绝贷款地区便是这些不在计画内的效应之经典案例。联邦住宅贷款银行委员会建立的住房估价标准, 随后编入了居住安全地图。我们透过在空间上参照匹兹堡 1937 年的地图, 评估邻里估价的空间遗产。我们透过比较 1970 年至 2000 年的邻里评估与标准化的人口调查数据, 指认续存的邻里状况。当前的状况与 1937 年地图的安全评分相符合。历史上拒绝贷款的地区仍然存在着贫穷、少数族裔与空屋率的集中。高所得、房价、以及房屋所有权则持续集中于他处。

Las clasificaciones basadas en lugar pueden crear influencias duraderas sobre los destinos de los vecindarios. Las prácticas discriminatorias son un ejemplo clásico de estos efectos involuntarios. La Junta Directiva del Banco Federal de Crédito para Vivienda desarrolló los estándares para el avalúo de viviendas que posteriormente serían codificadas en los Mapas de Seguridad Residencial. Georreferenciando el mapa de Pittsburgh de 1937, evaluamos las herencias espaciales en los avalúos de barrio. Identificamos las condiciones vecinales persistentes comparando las evaluaciones de los barrios con los datos censales normalizados de 1970 a 2000. Las condiciones contemporáneas concuerdan con los grados de seguridad del mapa de 1937. Las concentraciones de pobreza, gente de color y desempleo persisten en áreas históricamente discriminadas. Igualmente, las concentraciones de ingresos altos, valor de la casa y vivienda propia persisten en otras áreas.

Acknowledgments

We thank the editor and anonymous reviewer for their constructive comments. Drs. Kristen Crossney, Waverly Duck, and Randy Walsh provided valuable criticism on the research on which this article is based.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Devin Q. Rutan

DEVIN Q. RUTAN is a Researcher at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include spatial analysis, housing, and urban history.

Michael R. Glass

MICHAEL R. GLASS is a Lecturer II at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include neighborhood identity, housing policy, and urban change.

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