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Articles

Modeling Geographic Variation in Household Disaster Preparedness across U.S. States and Metropolitan Areas

Pages 491-503 | Received 01 Jun 2017, Accepted 01 Oct 2017, Published online: 01 Mar 2018
 

Abstract

Emerging statistical techniques, combined with the increasing accessibility of primary social survey data, can provide policy-relevant tools for understanding how perceptions and behaviors vary geographically. Planning for natural disasters requires local data, yet data on topics such as household preparedness behaviors are often unavailable at the appropriate spatial resolution. This article presents new nationwide estimates of one element of household preparedness—having supplies in the home to use in case of a disaster—across all states and metropolitan areas in the United States. Estimates are based on a 2015 national survey combined with multilevel regression and poststratification (MRP), a statistical technique to develop subnational estimates from national data sets. The model uses sociodemographic and geographic predictors informed by prior research. Estimates were externally validated against independent surveys, including data from the 2013 American Housing Survey. Comparing the estimates against historical disaster losses demonstrates broad variation in preparedness even among places with historically high rates of death and injury from natural disasters and allows identification of high-risk places with high disaster losses and low preparedness according to this survey item. Leveraging large survey data sets in combination with MRP can be an effective tool for researchers and decision makers to understand geographic variation in perceptions and behaviors at subnational scales.

浮现中的统计技术, 结合取得原始社会调查数据的逐渐增加之管道, 能够为理解感知与行为如何具有地理差异提供了相关政策工具。自然灾害的计画需要地方数据, 但诸如家户预备行为等主题之数据, 在适当的空间分辨率上却经常无法取得。本文呈现美国所有州与大都会地区中, 家户准备程度元素之一的崭新全国评估——在家备有应对灾害的工具。该评估是根据 2015 年的全国调查, 结合多层级迴归与后分类 (MRP) 此一从全国数据集中建立次国家评估的统计技术。该模型运用先前的研究提供的社会人口和地理预测指标。该评估将相对于包括 2013 年美国家户调查数据之独立调查进行外部验证。这些评估与历史性灾害损失相较之下, 显示即便在历史上因自然灾害导致高度死伤率之地的准备程度仍有大幅差异, 并得以根据此一调查项目, 指认具有高度灾害损失与低度准备的高风险之地。权衡大型调查数据集并结合 MRP, 能够作为研究者和决策者理解次国家尺度的认知与行为之地理变异的有效工具。

Las técnicas estadísticas que están apareciendo, en combinación con la creciente accesibilidad a datos primarios de la encuesta social, pueden suministrar herramientas de relevancia política para entender el modo como las percepciones y conductas varían geográficamente. La planificación para enfrentar desastres naturales requiere datos locales, aunque lo datos sobre tópicos tales como los comportamientos de preparación familiar a menudo no están disponibles con la resolución espacial apropiada. Este artículo presenta nuevos cálculos de alcance nacional de un elemento de la preparación familiar—disponer de provisiones en la casa para usar en caso de desastre—a través de todos los estados y áreas metropolitanas de los Estados Unidos. Los estimativos se basan en un estudio nacional de 2015 combinado con regresión a nivel múltiple y pos-estratificación (MRP), una técnica estadística apropiada para desarrollar un cálculo subnacional, a partir de conjuntos de datos nacionales. El modelo usa predictores sociodemográficos y geográficos bien fundados en investigación anterior. Los cálculos fueron validados externamente contra estudios independientes, incluyendo datos del Estudio Americano de Vivienda de 2013. La comparación de los estimativos frente a las pérdidas históricas debidas a desastres demuestra amplia variación en preparación, incluso entre lugares con tasas históricamente altas de muerte y heridos por desastres naturales, y permite la identificación de lugares de alto riesgo con altas pérdidas por desastre y baja preparación, de acuerdo con este ítem del estudio. El uso de grandes conjuntos de datos en combinación con la MRP puede resultar como una herramienta efectiva para investigadores y tomadores de decisiones para entender la variación geográfica en las percepciones y conductas, a escalas subnacionales.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental material for this article is available on the publisher's Web site at https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2017.1416301. Supplemental Material shows estimates of disaster preparedness (presence of supplies at home in case of a disaster) at the state level and CBSA level for 2015. Tables include columns for estimated proportion of the population who report having disaster supplies at home, the lower bound of the 95 percent confidence interval of the estimate, and the upper bound of the 95 percent confidence interval of the estimate.

Additional information

Funding

Funding for this study was provided by the Utah State University Office of Research and Graduate Studies.

Notes on contributors

Peter D. Howe

PETER D. HOWE is an Assistant Professor of Geography in the Department of Environment and Society, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322. E-mail: [email protected]. He is a human–environment geographer specializing in the human dimensions of environmental hazards and climate change, with a focus on how place and environmental context influence risk perceptions, communication, and vulnerability.

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