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Articles

Governors Fighting Crisis: Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic across U.S. States on Twitter

Pages 683-701 | Received 30 Jun 2020, Accepted 02 Jan 2021, Published online: 27 Apr 2021
 

Abstract

In the waves of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, each U.S. state governor has been leading efforts to curb the spread of the virus within his or her state. Twitter has been widely used for crisis communications by governors. Their Twitter usage patterns can largely reflect how state governments responded to the COVID-19 crisis from both geographical and social network perspectives. Through spatial–temporal analysis, network analysis, and text mining, we identified several important usage patterns, such as (1) tweet quantities positively correlated with the pandemic severity; (2) most governors started to mention COVID-19 weeks before the first reported case in their states; (3) COVID-19-related hashtags were commonly used to organize information; (4) feedback was frequently provided by at-mentioning or retweeting other accounts; and (5) governors were networked for crisis communication, driven by demographics, pandemic severities, geographic closeness, cooperation, and party affiliations among states. The current usage patterns are generally consistent with the criteria for effective crisis communications on Twitter (listening, informing, feedback, and connections). Some actionable approaches for governors to improve Twitter crisis communications are also discussed. This exploratory study provides a guide for other agencies and officials to develop future crisis communication plans through leveraging social media for social good.

2019新型冠状病毒(COVID-19)持续流行中, 每一位美国州长都带头遏制病毒在其州内的传播。州长们广泛地使用Twitter进行危机沟通。州长们的Twitter使用模式, 从地理和社交网络的角度上, 能很大程度上反映州政府如何应对COVID-19危机。通过时空分析、网络分析和文本挖掘, 我们发现了几个重要的使用模式, 例如:(1)推文数量与病毒严重程度呈正相关;(2)在报告州内第一个病例的前几周, 大多数州长就开始提及COVID-19;(3)有关COVID-19的标签, 通常用于信息的整理;(4)通过提及或转发其他用户, 州长们经常提供反馈;(5)通过人口统计、流行病严重程度、地理距离、合作、各州之间党派关系, 州长们建立了危机沟通网络。目前的使用模式, 总体上与Twitter的有效危机沟通准则(倾听、告知、反馈和联系)相一致。本文还讨论了州长们改进Twitter危机沟通的一些可行方法。这项探索性研究, 可以指导其他机构和官员如何通过社交媒体、为了社会利益, 去制定未来的危机沟通计划。

En las oleadas actuales de la pandemia de la enfermedad del coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), cada uno de los gobernadores estatales americanos ha estado a la cabeza de los esfuerzos para contener la dispersión del virus dentro de su estado. Twitter ha sido ampliamente usado por los gobernadores en sus comunicaciones sobre la crisis. En gran medida sus patrones de uso de Twitter pueden reflejar el modo como los gobiernos estatales respondieron a la crisis del COVID-19, desde perspectivas geográficas y sociales encadenadas. Por medio de análisis espacio–temporal, análisis de redes y minería de textos, identificamos varios patrones importantes de uso, tales como (1) las cantidades de tuits correlacionadas positivamente con la severidad de la pandemia; (2) la mayoría de los gobernadores empezaron a mencionar a COVI-19 semanas antes de que se reportara el primer caso de la enfermedad en sus estados; (3) los hashtags relacionados con COVI-19 comúnmente se usaron para organizar la información; (4) con frecuencia se proveyó retroalimentación mediante mención o retuiteando otras cuentas; y (5) los gobernadores fueron enlazados en las comunicaciones sobre la crisis, orientadas por la demografía, la severidad de la pandemia, cercanía geográfica, cooperación y afiliaciones partidistas entre los estados. Los patrones de uso actuales son generalmente consistentes con los criterios para comunicar efectivamente sobre la crisis en Twitter (escuchar, informar, retroalimentación y conexiones). Se discuten algunos enfoques con los que los gobernadores trataron de mejorar las comunicaciones sobre la crisis a través de Twitter. Este estudio exploratorio suministra una guía para que otras agencias y funcionarios desarrollen planes futuros en comunicación de crisis apalancando los medios sociales para el bien social.

Acknowledgments

We greatly appreciate the helpful comments and suggestions from the editor and anonymous reviewers. We sincerely thank Twitter for providing application programming interfaces for data collections. We also thank Yunhao Zhang from the New Jersey Institute of Technology for collecting the data.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Xi Gong

XI GONG is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography & Environmental Studies and Director of Spatially Integrated Social Science Lab at University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131. E-mail: [email protected]. His current research interests include GIScience, big data science and analytics, spatiotemporal data mining, health and the environment, and GIS-based modeling.

Xinyue Ye

XINYUE YE is an Associate Professor in the Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning and Director of the Urban Data Science Lab at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843. E-mail: [email protected]. His current research interests include big data, geospatial artificial intelligence, spatial econometrics, and urban informatics.

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