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Articles

Human Mobility Change Pattern and Influencing Factors during COVID-19, from the Outbreak to the Deceleration Stage: A Study of Seoul Metropolitan City

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Pages 1-15 | Received 17 Aug 2020, Accepted 27 Apr 2021, Published online: 03 Sep 2021
 

Abstract

Many countries have started to reopen economic activities after the COVID-19 pandemic; however, due to the disease’s long incubation period and high infectivity, social distancing remains an essential measure despite the start of vaccinations. It is therefore necessary to understand the changes in human mobility from the outbreak’s initiation to deceleration to control the disease’s transmission and revitalize the economy. This study suggests a methodology for investigating the changes in human mobility and their influencing factors using a case study of Seoul Metropolitan City, Korea. First, the changing patterns of human mobility were investigated based on mobile big data, including the acceleration and deceleration stages. The results showed that it varied by area and travel distance. Second, we clarified the influence of sociodemographic factors such as employee density and land use proportion on the change pattern of human mobility by applying a machine learning method. This finding implies that the effectiveness of policies such as social distancing can vary with sociodemographic factors. For example, areas with more real estate, public administration, and health care employees showed rapid recovery and faced a transmission risk by reopening economic activities. The suggested methodology can help understand human mobility and explore exit strategies.

COVID-19疫情后, 许多国家已经开始重启经济活动。然而, 由于COVID-19潜伏期长、传染性强, 尽管开始了疫苗接种, 社交距离仍然是一项重要措施。因此, 为了控制疫情和振兴经济, 有必要了解人类流动性从疫情爆发初期到减弱的变化。本研究以韩国首尔市为例, 提出了一种探索流动性变化及其影响因子的方法。首先, 基于移动大数据调查了人类流动性的变化模式, 包括上升和减弱阶段。结果表明, 不同地理区域和出行距离拥有不同的流动性。其次, 我们运用机器学习方法, 阐明了社会人口因素(如员工密度、土地使用比例等)对流动性变化模式的影响。这一发现意味着, 社交距离等政策的有效性随着社会人口因素的不同而有所差异。例如, 房地产、公共管理和医疗保健从业人员较多的地区经济复苏比较迅速, 并因为经济活动的重启而存在着疫情传播的风险。本方法有助于理解人类流动性并探讨退出策略。

Muchos países han empezado a reabrir sus actividades económicas después de la pandemia del COVID-19; sin embargo, debido al largo período de incubación de la enfermedad y a su alto grado de infección, la distancia social se mantiene como una medida esencial a pesar de la iniciación de las vacunaciones. Es por eso necesario entender los cambios en la movilidad humana desde la iniciación del brote hasta la desaceleración para controlar la transmisión de la enfermedad y revitalizar la economía. Este estudio sugiere una metodología para investigar los cambios en la movilidad humana y sus factores influyentes usando un estudio de caso de la Ciudad Metropolitana de Seúl, Corea. Primero, los cambiantes patrones de la movilidad humana fueron investigados a partir de big data [datos masivos] móviles, incluyendo las etapas de la aceleración y desaceleración. Los resultados mostraron variación por área y distancia del viaje. Segundo, aclaramos la influencia de factores sociodemográficos tales como la densidad del empleo y la proporción de uso del suelo sobre el patrón de cambio de la movilidad humana aplicando un método de aprendizaje automático. Este hallazgo implica que la efectividad de políticas como las de la distancia social pueden variar frente a factores sociodemográficos. Por ejemplo, las áreas con más empleados del sector inmobiliario, de la administración pública y de la salud mostraron una recuperación rápida y se enfrentaron al riesgo de transmisión al reabrir las actividades económicas. La metodología sugerida puede ayudar a entender la movilidad humana y a explorar estrategias de salida.

Acknowledgments

We thank the editor and the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that greatly improved the article. We also thank Junghoon Lee for his helpful discussions.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP19K15185 and the Obayashi Foundation. We appreciate their support.

Notes on contributors

Sunyong Eom

SUNYONG EOM is a Project Researcher in the Center for Spatial Information Science at the University of Tokyo, Kashiwa-shi 277-8568, Chiba, Japan. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interest covers spatial information science, land use planning, and transportation modeling for sustainable and resilient urban structure.

Minyoung Jang

MINYOUNG JANG is an Associate Research Fellow at the Architecture & Urban Research Institute, Sejong 30103, Korea. E-mail: [email protected]. Her research focuses on the regional revitalization of regional and urban management for small and medium-sized local cities.

Nam-Seok Ji

NAM-SEOK JI is a Senior Research Fellow at the Daejeon Sejong Research Institute, Sejong 30147, Korea. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interest covers urban regeneration, land use planning, and urban and regional planning.

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