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Articles

Using Linked Census Records to Study Shrinking Cities in the United States from 1900 to 1940

Pages 88-101 | Received 06 Aug 2020, Accepted 09 May 2021, Published online: 13 Sep 2021
 

Abstract

We develop a data-driven method for linking people in cities over time that can be used in any country that has data tracking the locations of individuals across multiple periods. We apply this process to United States Census data from 1900 through 1940 and find that, of the 1,000 largest cities in 1900, 15 percent experienced a decline in population by 1940. We also use the large data set for this same time period, linking more than 45 million people across adjacent census records to examine which types of people exit a shrinking city and how their eventual socioeconomic outcomes differ from those who stay. Nationally, we find that those who left shrinking cities had longer life spans, greater income, better jobs, and higher education than those who stayed. We note that the regional analyses tend to follow the positive national pattern while indicating the geographic place-based differences of the cities that lost population. We also show the relation of race to the tendency to migrate from different types of cities. This method for linking millions of individuals across censuses has the potential to reveal other important characteristics of past populations, such as multidecade migration patterns and household changes in various regions over time.

我们开发了一种数据驱动方法, 将城市人口同时间联系起来, 可用于拥有不同时期个人位置数据的任何国家。我们将此方法应用于1900年至1940年的美国人口普查数据。1900年的1000个最大城市中, 15%的城市在1940年出现了人口流失。我们还使用了同一时期的大数据集, 将相邻人口普查单元中的4500多万人联系起来, 以探讨哪些类型的人离开了萎缩的城市、这些人的社会经济结果与留在城市的人有何不同。我们发现, 在全国范围内, 那些离开萎缩城市的人, 比留在城市的人寿命更长、收入更高、工作更好、受教育程度更高。我们注意到, 区域分析倾向于遵循积极的国家模式, 同时指出了人口流失城市的地理位置差异。我们还展示了种族与不同类型城市的迁移趋势之间的关系。这种将不同人口普查单元的数百万人联系起来的方法, 有可能揭示历史人口的其它重要特征, 例如数十年的迁移模式、不同地区家庭随时间的变化.

Desarrollamos un método basado en datos para vincular a la gente en las ciudades a través del tiempo que pueda usarse en cualquier país que disponga de datos de seguimiento de la ubicación de los individuos a lo largo de múltiples períodos. Aplicamos este proceso a datos del Censo de los Estados Unidos entre 1900 y 1940 y encontramos que, de las 1.000 ciudades más grandes en 1900, el 15 por ciento experimentaron una declinación de la población hacia 1940. También usamos el gran conjunto de datos para este mismo período, vinculando más de 45 millones de personas a lo largo de registros censales adyacentes para examinar qué tipos de gente abandona una ciudad que se está encogiendo y cómo difieren sus eventuales resultados socioeconómicos con los de la gente que se queda. A nivel nacional, hallamos que quienes se alejan de las ciudades en declive tienen vidas más largas, ingresos más grandes, mejores empleos y mayor educación que aquellos que permanecen. Notamos que los análisis regionales tienden a seguir un patrón nacional positivo, al tiempo que indican las diferencias geográficas basadas en lugar de las ciudades que perdieron población. Mostramos también la relación de raza con la tendencia a migrar desde diferentes tipos de ciudades. Este método para vincular a millones de individuos a través de los censos tiene el potencial de revelar otras características importantes de las poblaciones del pasado, como los patrones de migración de varias décadas y los cambios de los hogares en varias regiones, a lo largo del tiempo.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Samuel M. Otterstrom

SAMUEL M. OTTERSTROM is Professor of Geography and Associate Dean in the College of Family, Home, and Social Sciences at Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include settlement and population geography, historical geography of the U.S. West, and using family history records to explore historical geographies of migration and place.

Joseph P. Price

JOSEPH P. PRICE is Professor of Economics at Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602. E-mail: [email protected]. He is the Director of the BYU Record Linking Lab (rll.byu.edu). His research interests focus on combining machine learning and family history to link together historical record collections and use these linked data to study topics related to family, education, health, and labor markets.

Jacob Van Leeuwen

JACOB VAN LEEUWEN is a PhD Student in the Department of Economics at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests are studying the relationship between migration and social and human capital and studying how migration can affect long-run economic outcomes. He is also interested in using machine learning to study economic problems.

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