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Articles

Regional Drinking Water Supply in Pakistan: Regional Disparity, Inequality, and Development Pattern

Pages 733-749 | Received 10 Sep 2021, Accepted 15 Sep 2022, Published online: 04 Apr 2023
 

Abstract

This article explores the regional disparities in water supply coverage in Pakistan in the context of intraregional development patterns. We applied the Gini index, Esteban and Ray index, and Moran’s I to measure regional development patterns in terms of inequality, polarization, and spatial concentration and build an integrated framework combining them with other widely accepted factors to understand regional differences in water coverage quantitatively. Our results show that improved water (tap and pump water) is more widely supplied in Pakistan with lower inequality but higher spatial concentration than tap water supply coverage, although the patterns differ by urban–rural divisions and provinces. Western regions with smaller populations tend to have higher tap water coverage, and eastern regions with large populations are more covered by improved water. The regression models show various mechanisms of improved water and tap water coverage. Both are related to local economic conditions but tap water coverage is more related to local environmental conditions, and improved water is more related to local demographic conditions. Strong and dense population centers decrease improved water coverage but promote tap water coverage. Urban planners and policymakers should address polycentric regional development to fulfill various development targets and improve regional equity of drinking water coverage in terms of accessibility, availability, and quality.

本文从区域内部发展模式的角度, 探讨了巴基斯坦供水覆盖范围的区域差异。我们利用基尼指数、Esteban-Ray指数以及莫兰指数, 评价了区域发展模式的不平等、两极分化和空间聚合, 并结合其它常用因子, 建立了一个综合框架, 旨在定量理解供水覆盖范围的区域差异。研究结果表明, 尽管在城乡和省份上存在着差异, 改良水(自来水和泵水)在巴基斯坦更为普遍。在供水覆盖范围上, 改良水比自来水具有更低的不平等程度和更高的空间聚合度。人口较少的西部地区拥有更好的自来水覆盖范围, 而人口较多的东部地区拥有更好的改良自来水覆盖范围。回归模型揭示了改良水和自来水覆盖范围的各种机制。两者都与地方经济条件有关, 但自来水覆盖范围更加与当地环境条件相关, 而改良水覆盖范围与当地人口条件更加相关。强而密集的人口中心降低了改良水覆盖范围, 但提高了自来水覆盖范围。为了实现各种发展目标, 城市规划和政策制定人员应解决多中心区域发展问题, 并在可及性、可用性和质量方面提高区域饮用水覆盖范围的公平性。

Este artículo hace una exploración de las desigualdades regionales en la cobertura del suministro de agua en Pakistán, dentro del contexto de los patrones del desarrollo intrarregional. Aplicamos los índices de Gini, Esteban y Rey, y el Moran’s I para medir los patrones de desarrollo regional en términos de desigualdad, polarización y concentración espacial, y construimos un marco integrado para combinarlos con otros factores de amplia aceptación, para entender de manera cuantitativa las diferencias regionales en cobertura del suministro de agua. Nuestros resultados muestran que este abastecimiento con agua mejorada (agua de grifo y de bomba) está mucho más extendido en Pakistán, con desigualdad más baja pero con una mayor concentración espacial que la cobertura de abastecimiento, si bien los patrones difieren según las divisiones urbano-rurales y según las provincias. Las regiones occidentales, que tienen poblaciones más pequeñas, tienden a disponer de una mayor cobertura de agua corriente, y las regiones orientales, dotadas de una población más numerosa, se hallan mejor servidas con agua tratada. Los modelos de regresión muestran varios mecanismos de cobertura de agua mejorada y agua de grifo. Ambos tipos están relacionados con las condiciones económicas locales, aunque la cobertura de agua corriente está más relacionada con las condiciones ambientales locales, y el agua mejorada está más relacionada con las condiciones demográficas locales. Los núcleos de población fuertes y densos hacen declinar la cobertura de agua mejorada, pero incentivan la cobertura de agua de grifo. Los planificadores urbanos y los administradores públicos deben abordar el desarrollo regional policéntrico para cumplir diversos objetivos de desarrollo, para superar varias metas de desarrollo y mejorar la equidad regional de cobertura de agua potable, en términos de accesibilidad, disponibilidad y calidad.

Acknowledgments

This research project was supported by the USAID-funded U.S.–Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies (USPCASW) project. We are also grateful to Dr. Steven Burian, who supported and motivated us in this research project.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Yangyi Wu

YANGYI WU is an Assistant Professor in the School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests are concentrated on analyzing uneven urban development relying on advanced spatial analysis and statistics in the United States and China.

Yehua Dennis Wei

YEHUA DENNIS WEI is a Professor in the Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84102. E-mail: [email protected]. His research focuses on economic and urban geography, urban and regional development, spatial inequality, and sustainability, with a regional focus on China.

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