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Notes
1. Randy Shilts, And the Band Played On: Politics, People and the AIDS Epidemic (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987) is largely responsible for the construction of “Patient Zero,” but this claim that Dugas was the source of AIDS has since been challenged. The case of “Robert R.” highlights this challenge: he was a teenager who died mysteriously in 1969, but testing of his stored tissue reveals he died of AIDS. See Gina Kolata, “Boy's 1969 Death Suggests AIDS Invaded US Several Times,” New York Times, October 28, 1987, http://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/28/us/boy-s-1969-death-suggests-aids-invaded-us-several-times.html.
2. Paul Farmer, AIDS and Accusation: Haiti and the Geography of Blame (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
3. See Edward Hooper, The River: A Journey to the Source of HIV and AIDS (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1999). Hooper theorizes that the oral polio vaccine may have been the origin of HIV. In contrast to Hooper's theory, David Ho and his colleagues identified a 1959 man in the Belgian Congo who had HIV but did not come to the same OPV hypothesis. See “Researchers Trace First HIV Case to 1959 in the Belgian Congo,” CNN, February 3, 1998, http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/9802/03/earliest.aids/. Cindy Patton analyzes the racism and colonialism at work in some of the speculation about the origin of AIDS in Globalizing AIDS (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002).
4. Didier Lestrade, “Man in the Streets,” Didier Lestrade (blog), September 15, 2011, http://didierlestrade.blogspot.com/2011/09/man-in-streets.html.
5. Frédéric Martel, The Pink and the Black: Homosexuals in France since 1968, trans. Jane Marie Todd (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999), 292.
6. Martel, The Pink and the Black, 288.
7. Didier Lestrade, Act Up: Une Histoire (Paris: Denoël, 2000), 44.
8. Lestrade, Act Up: Une Histoire, 49.
9. Act Up-Paris, “Association de lutte contre le sida,” December 25, 2006, http://www.actupparis.org/spip.php?article2823.
Il s'agit de mobiliser les médias autour d'actions rapides, ponctuelles, non-violentes, et spectaculaires: les zaps. Notre but est de susciter de l'information, de provoquer des réactions, de mettre à jour des problèmes spécifiques, d'inviter “les spectateurs et spectatrices” à répondre et à se situer, d'exhiber la violence à laquelle nous sommes confrontées. La colère est au départ de notre engagement: nous entendons la transformer en acte politique d'interpellation publique.
10. Luc Biecq, “Philippe Labbey: Mort d'un ‘Actupien’ historique,” Têtu, August 31, 2011, http://www.tetu.com/actualites/france/philippe-labbey-mort-dun-actupien-historique-20073.
11. Martel, The Pink and the Black, 359.
12. Denis M. Provencher, Queer French: Globalization, Language, and Sexual Citizenship in France (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2007). It is notable that the French government does not ask for racial identity as part of the French census, as it runs counter to the main ideology of the French republican model.
13. Enda McCaffrey, The Gay Republic: Sexuality, Citizenship and Subversion in France (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005), 42.
14. Murray Pratt, “AIDS Writing in France,” in Gay Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia, ed. George E. Haggerty (New York: Garland, 2000), 39.
15. Quoted in Edmund White, The Flâneur: A Stroll through the Paradoxes of Paris (New York: Bloomsbury, 2001), 169.
16. David M. Halperin, Saint =Foucault: Towards a Gay Hagiography (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
17. Didier Lestrade, “Fuckyoufuckyeah Halperin,” Didier Lestrade (blog), December 7, 2010, http://didierlestrade.blogspot.com/2010/12/fuckyoufuckyeah-harpelin.html.
18. Didier Eribon, Insult and the Making of the Gay Self, trans. Michael Lucey (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004), 301.
19. Tim Murphy, “The French Connection,” POZ Magazine, April/May, 2011, http://www.poz.com/articles/Didier_Lestrade_HIV_2591_20109.shtml.
20. Didier Lestrade, “Je désavoue Act Up,” June 9, 2004. http://didierlestrade.fr/politique-sida/act-up/article/je-desavoue-act-up] “Vous êtes plus intéressés par ce qui se passe à l'autre bout du monde que par ce qui se passe dans vos lits.”