Rhetorics of Citizenship: Pitfalls and Possibilities

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Notes

[1] Kenneth Rufo and R. Jarrod Atchison, “From Circus to Fasces: The Disciplinary Politics of Citizen and Citizenship,” The Review of Communication 11 (2011): 211, n. 2.

[2] Margaret R. Somers, Genealogies of Citizenship: Markets, Statelessness, and the Right to Have Rights (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 152, 154. See also Linda Bosniak, The Citizen and the Alien (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), chapter two.

[3] For examples see Gershon Shafir, ed., The Citizenship Debates (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1998). See also Toby Miller, Cultural Citizenship: Cosmopolitanism, Consumerism, and Television in a Neoliberal Age (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2007), chapters one and two.

[4] Bosniak, The Citizen and the Alien, 13.

[5] Benedetto Fontana, “Rhetoric and the Roots of Democratic Politics,” in Talking Democracy: Historical Perspectives on Rhetoric and Democracy, eds. Benedetto Fontana, Cary J. Nederman, and Gary Remer (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004), 33.

[6] John Gastil and Laura W. Black, “Public Deliberation as the Organizing Principle of Political Communication Research,” Journal of Public Deliberation 4 (2008): article 3; Darrin Hicks, “The Promise(s) of Deliberative Democracy,” Rhetoric and Public Affairs 5 (2002): 223–60.

[7] Christian Kock and Lisa S. Villadsen, introduction to Rhetorical Citizenship and Public Deliberation, eds. Christian Kock and Lisa S. Villadsen (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2012), 5.

[8] J. Michael Hogan, “Rhetorical Pedagogy and Democratic Citizenship: Reviving the Traditions of Civic Engagement and Public Deliberation,” in Rhetoric and Democracy: Pedagogical and Political Practices, eds. Todd F. McDorman and David M. Timmerman (East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2008), 75–98.

[9] Robert L. Ivie, “Rhetorical Deliberation and Democratic Politics in the Here and Now,” Rhetoric and Public Affairs 5 (2002): 277; Gerard A. Hauser, “Rethinking Deliberative Democracy: Rhetoric, Power, and Civil Society,” in Rhetoric and Democracy: Pedagogical and Political Practices, eds. Todd F. McDorman and David M. Timmerman (East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2008), 225–64.

[10] Robert Asen, “A Discourse Theory of Citizenship,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 90 (2004): 194, 199. For similar approaches to citizenship focused on creative practices (rather than the status or the habitus of citizenship itself), see Engin F. Isin, “Theorizing Acts of Citizenship,” in Acts of Citizenship, eds. Engin F. Isin and Greg Marc Nielsen (New York, NY: Zed Books, 2008), 15–43.

[11] See, for example, Karen Tracy and Margaret Durfy, “Speaking Out in Public: Citizen Participation in Contentious School Board Meetings,” Discourse & Communication 1 (2007): 223–49; Karen Tracy, “‘Reasonable Hostility’: Its Usefulness and Limitation as a Norm for Public Hearings,” Informal Logic 31 (2011): 71–190; Karen Tracy and Jessica M.F. Hughes, “Democracy-Appealing Partisanship: A Situated Ideal of Citizenship,” Journal of Applied Communication Research 42 (2014): 307–24.

[12] See, for example, Angela G. Ray, “The Rhetorical Ritual of Citizenship: Women's Voting as Public Performance, 1868–1875,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 93 (2007): 1–26; Angela G. Ray and Cindy Koenig Richards, “Inventing Citizens, Imagining Gender Justice: The Suffrage Rhetoric of Virginia and Francis Minor,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 93 (2007): 375–402; Kirt H. Wilson, “The Racial Politics of Imitation in the Nineteenth Century,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 89 (2003): 89–108; Susan Zaeske, Signatures of Citizenship: Petitioning, Antislavery, and Women's Political Identity (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2003).

[13] For example, see Vanessa B. Beasley, You, the People: American National Identity in Presidential Rhetoric (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 2004); Jeffrey A. Bennett, Banning Queer Blood: Rhetorics of Citizenship, Contagion, and Resistance (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2009); Michael A. Kaplan, Friendship Fictions: The Rhetoric of Citizenship in the Liberal Imaginary (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2010); Kristy Maddux, The Faithful Citizen: Popular Christian Media and Gendered Civic Identities (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2010).

[14] Bosniak, The Citizen and the Alien, 8–9.

[15] See, for example, Vanessa B. Beasley, ed., Who Belongs in America?: Presidents, Rhetoric, and Immigration (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 2006); D. Robert DeChaine, ed., Border Rhetorics: Citizenship and Identity on the US–Mexico Frontier (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2012).

[16] Josue David Cisneros, “The Border Crossed Us”: Rhetorics of Borders, Citizenship, and Latina/o Identity (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2014).

[17] See also Rufo and Atchison, “From Circus to Fasces.”

[18] Bosniak, The Citizen and the Alien, 81–82.

[19] A case in point may be Amaya's critical treatment of the 2006 immigrant rights activism, which he understands as problematic through his lens of citizenship excess but which others have argued represented moments of resistance and citizenship reenactment. See Josue David Cisneros, “(Re)Bordering the Civic Imaginary: Rhetoric, Hybridity, and Citizenship in La Gran Marcha,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 97 (2011): 26–49; Nathaniel I. Córdova, “Nuestro Himno as Heterotopic Mimicry: On the Ambivalences of a Latin@ Voicing,” in Latina/o Discourse in Vernacular Spaces: Somos De Una Voz?, eds. Michelle A. Holling and Bernadette Marie Calafell (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2011), 101–122.

[20] Charles E. Morris III, introduction to Queering Public Address: Sexualities in American Historical Discourse, ed. Charles E. Morris III (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2007), 1–19.

[21] Hannah Arendt, “The Decline of the Nation-State and the End of the Rights of Man,” in The Origins of Totalitarianism (Cleveland, OH: Meridian Books, 1951), 267–302.

[22] Examples of this argument in the context of immigration include Judith Butler and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Who Sings the Nation-State? Language, Politics, Belonging (New York, NY: Seagull Books, 2007); May Joseph, Nomadic Identities: The Performance of Citizenship (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1999).

[23] Bosniak, The Citizen and the Alien, 18.

[24] Gloria E. Anzaldúa, “(Un)natural bridges, (Un)safe spaces,” in This Bridge We Call Home: Radical Visions of Transformation, eds. Gloria E. Anzaldúa and AnaLouise Keating (New York, NY: Routledge, 2002), 1.

[25] For discussions of these bodies of literature and their position within rhetorical studies, see, for example, Bernadette Marie Calafell, “Monstrous Femininity: Constructions of Women of Color in the Academy,” Journal of Communication Inquiry 36 (2012): 111–130; John M. Sloop, “In a Queer Time and Place and Race: Intersectionality Comes of Age,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 91 (2005): 312–26.

[26] Bosniak, The Citizen and the Alien, 120.

[27] Butler and Spivak, Who Sings the Nation-State?, 66–67.

[28] Examples include critical cosmopolitanism (see Peter Nyers, “Abject Cosmopolitanism: The Politics of Protection in the Anti-Deportation Movement,” Third World Quarterly 24 [2003]: 1069–93), critical regionalism (see Butler and Spivak, Who Sings the Nation-State?, 76, 94), and transnational citizenship (see Alessandra Beasley von Burg, “Stochastic Citizenship: Toward a Rhetoric of Mobility,” Philosophy and Rhetoric 45 [2012]: 351–75).

[29] Bosniak, The Citizen and the Alien, 7.

[30] Bosniak, The Citizen and the Alien, 136–8.

[31] Bosniak, The Citizen and the Alien, 16.