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Notes
1 For a discussion of “dog whistle,” see Ian Haney-López, Dog Whistle Politics: How Coded Racial Appeals Have Reinvented Racism and Wrecked the Middle Class. Reprint ed. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2014).
2 See CNN's video, “Emotional Van Jones: How do I explain this to my children?”, http://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2016/11/09/van-jones-emotional-election-results-sot.cnn., when CNN political commentator Van Jones centered race as part of Trump's upset election.
3 According to the Southern Poverty Law Center's HateWatch collaboration with ProPublica, they have collected “1,372 reported bias incidents between the day after the election and February 7 [2017]”. See https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2017/02/10/post-election-bias-incidents-1372-new-collaboration-propublica.
4 Following the election, alt-right leader Richard B. Spencer led attendees of the National Policy Institute with “Hail Trump” with Nazi hand salutes. See Joseph Goldstein, “Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election With Nazi-Era Salute,” Nov. 20, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html?_r=0; Daniel Lombroso and Yoni Appelbaum, “‘Hail Trump!’: White Nationalists Salute the President-Elect,” Nov. 21, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/11/richard-spencer-speech-npi/508379/.
5 Nicole Hemmer describes many of Donald Trump's appointments as “white nationalist-adjacent” due to their supportive signaling of white nationalist causes without being avowed white nationalist themselves. See Louis Jacobson, “Are there white nationalists in the White House?” Politifact, Aug. 15, 2017, http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2017/aug/15/are-there-white-nationalists-white-house/ For a history of Jeff Sessions, see Nina Totenberg, “Jeff Sessions Previously Denied Federal Judgeship Amid Racism Controversy,” National Public Radio's All Things Considered, Jan. 9, 2017, http://www.npr.org/2017/01/09/509001314/jeff-sessions-previously-denied-federal-judgeship-amid-racism-controversy.
6 See David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race: Reflections on Racial Neoliberalism (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2009).
7 Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in Contemporary America, 3rd ed. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2010), 4.
8 For a timeline of the various comments President Trump said regarding Charlottesville, see Meghan Keneally and Katherine Faulders, “Trump's Remarks About the Melee in Charlottesville,” ABC News, Aug 23, 2017, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trumps-remarks-melee-charlottesville/story?id=49205629
9 See Cornel West, Race Matters (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2001). For accounts of Antifa and counterprotesters, see Dahlia Lithwick, “Yes, What About the ‘Alt-Left’?” Slate, Aug. 16, 2017, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2017/08/what_the_alt_left_was_actually_doing_in_charlottesville.html
10 See Thomas Fuller, “A Free Speech Battle at the Birthplace of a Movement at Berkeley,” New York Times, Feb 2, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/02/us/university-california-berkeley-free-speech-milo-yiannopoulos.html.
11 On the other hand, an alternative history of citizenship also speaks to the Roman empire-state where citizenship was the means of incorporating subjects into the empire. In this case, citizenship as the sole means of legal rights rather downplays the centrality of rhetoric to citizenship.
12 See Irene Bloemraad, Anna Korteweg, and Gökçe Yurdakul, “Citizenship and Immigration: Multiculturalism, Assimilation, and Challenges to the Nation-State,” Annual Review of Sociology 34 (2008): 153–79.
13 Gershon Shafir, “Introduction,” in The Citizenship Debates: A Reader, ed. Gershon Shafir (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1998), 3.
14 See J. David Cisneros, The Border Crossed Us (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2014).
15 Robert Asen, “A Discourse Theory of Citizenship,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 90, no. 2 (2004): 191.
16 For recent rhetoric scholarship on these topics, see the following: Jeffrey A. Bennett, Banning Queer Blood: Rhetorics of Citizenship, Contagion, and Resistance (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2009); Karma R. Chávez, Queer Migration Politics: Activist Rhetoric and Coalitional Possibilities (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2013); D. Robert DeChaine, ed., Border Rhetorics: Citizenship and Identity on the US-Mexico Frontier (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 2012); Darrel Wanzer-Serrano, The New York Young Lords and the Struggle for Liberation (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2015); and Isaac West, Transforming Citizenships: Transgender Articulations of the Law (New York, NY: New York University Press, 2014).
17 For more information on race, medicine, and business, see the following: Jonathan Kahn, Race in a Bottle: The Story of BiDil and Racialized Medicine in a Post-Genomic Age (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2014) & Dorothy E. Roberts, Fatal Invention: How Science, Politics, and Big Business Re-create Race in the Twenty-first Century (New York, NY: The New Press, 2011).
18 I have expanded on it for communication scholars as the racial discourses commonly associated with one racial group being applied to understanding other racial groups. See Vincent N. Pham, “Our Foreign President Barack Obama: The Racial Logics of Birther Discourses,” Journal of International and Intercultural Communication 8, no. 2 (2015): 86–107.
19 Ethical witnessing and indifferent spectatorship has come up with the widespread sharing of black death at the hands of police on social media. See this interview with critical media and informatics scholar Safiya Noble about the political economy of black death: iMWiL! TV, “Media Coverage and the Political Economy of Black Death,” https://imixwhatilike.org/2016/07/14/media-coverage-and-the-political-economy-of-black-death/. For two examples of witnessing as central to rhetoric scholarship, see Michelle A. Holling, “So My Name is Alma. I Am the Sister of … ”: A Feminicide Testimonio of Violence and Violent Identifications,” Women’s Studies in Communication 37, no. 3 (2014): 313–38. doi: 10.1080/07491409.2014.944733 and Wendy S. Hesford, “Documenting Violations: Rhetorical Witnessing and the Spectacle of Distant Suffering,” Biography 27, no. 1 (2004).
20 See Sara L. McKinnon et al., eds, Text + Field: Innovations in Rhetorical Method (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2016).
21 For more information about the legal construction of race and whiteness, see Ian Haney López, White By Law: The Legal Construction of Race, 2nd ed. (New York, NY: New York University Press, 2006).
22 Jung defines race as a categorical mode of differentiating humans and forming identities by a notion of stock or traits that is both modern by experienced as natural, in which structures of inequality and domination base itself on in its solidification as racism. Jung proposes “racism denominate structures of inequality and domination based primarily or partly on race” (31).
23 For work on Islamophobia, see Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims: Race and Labor in the South Asian Diaspora (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011).
24 See Michael Omi and Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States, 3rd ed. (New York, NY: Routledge, 2015).
25 See Lisa A. Flores, “Between Abundance and Marginalization: The Imperative of Racial Rhetorical Criticism,” Review of Communication 16, no. 1 (2016): 4–24.