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Original Articles

Related Variety, Unrelated Variety and Regional Economic Growth

, &
Pages 685-697 | Received 01 Jul 2005, Published online: 27 Aug 2010
 

Abstract

Frenken K., Van Oort F. and Verburg T. (2007) Related variety, unrelated variety and regional economic growth, Regional Studies 41, 685–697. In economic theory, one can distinguish between variety as a source of regional knowledge spillovers, called Jacobs externalities, and variety as a portfolio protecting a region from external shocks. It is argued that Jacobs externalities are best measured by related variety (within sectors), while the portfolio argument is better captured by unrelated variety (between sectors). A methodology based on entropy measures is introduced to compute related variety and unrelated variety. Using data at the NUTS 3 level in the Netherlands for 1996–2002, it was found that Jacobs externalities enhance employment growth, while unrelated variety dampens unemployment growth. Productivity growth can be explained by traditional determinants including investments and research and development expenditures. Implications for regional policy follow.

Frenken K., Van Oort F. et Verburg T. (2007) La variété connexe, la variété sans rapport et la croissance économique régionale., Regional Studies 41, 685–697. Dans la théorie économique, on peut distinguer entre la variété comme la source des retombées de connaissance régionales, dites les effets externes de Jacob, et la variété comme un portefeuille qui protège la région des chocs externes. On affirme que l'on peut mieux mesurer les effets externes de Jacob à partir de la notion de variété connexe (au sein des secteurs), tandis que l'argument qui prône plutôt la notion de portefeuille est mieux saisi par la notion de variété sans rapport (entre les secteurs). On présente une méthodologie fondée sur des mesures d'entropie afin d'estimer la variété connexe et la variété sans rapport. A partir des données au niveau NUTS 3 auprès des Pays-Bas pour la période de 1996 à 2002, on trouve que les effets externes de Jacob augmentent la croissance de l'emploi, alors que la variété sans rapport atténue la croissance du chômage. La croissance de la productivité s'explique par des déterminants traditionnels, y compris l'investissement et les dépenses de recherche-développement. Il s'ensuit les implications pour la politique régionale.

Variété Croissance; Effets externes de Jacob; Economies d'agglomération; Retombées Entropie

Frenken K., Van Oort F. und Verburg T. (2007) Zusammenhängende Vielfalt, nicht zusammenhängende Vielfalt und regionales Wirtschaftswachstum, Regional Studies 41, 685–697. In der Wirtschaftstheorie unterscheidet man zwischen der Vielfalt als Quelle regionaler Wissensübertragung (den so genannten Jacobs-Externalitäten) und der Vielfalt als Portfolio zum Schutz einer Region vor externen Erschütterungen. Wir stellen die These auf, dass sich die Jacobs-Externalitäten am besten anhand der zusammenhängenden Vielfalt (innerhalb von Sektoren) messen lassen, während sich das Portfolio-Argument besser durch nicht zusammenhängende Vielfalt (zwischen verschiedenen Sektoren) darstellen lässt. Mit Hilfe einer Methodologie auf der Grundlage entropischer Messungen ermitteln wir zusammenhängende Vielfalt und nicht zusammenhängende Vielfalt. Anhand von Daten auf dem NUTS 3-Niveau in den Niederlanden für den Zeitraum von 1996 bis 2002 stellen wir fest, dass die Jacobs-Externalitäten zu einem Anstieg des Beschäftigungsniveaus führen, während nicht zusammenhängende Vielfalt den Anstieg der Arbeitslosigkeit dämpft. Der Anstieg der Produktivität lässt sich durch traditionelle Determinanten wie Investitionen und Ausgaben für F&E erklären. Im Anschluss werden die Konsequenzen für die Regionalpolitik beschrieben.

Vielfalt; Wachstum; Jacobs-Externalitäten; Agglomerationswirtschaften; U¨bertragung; Entropie;

Frenken K., Van Oort F. y Verburg T. (2007) Variedad relacionada, variedad no relacionada y el crecimiento económico regional, Regional Studies 41, 685–697. En la teoría económica, podemos distinguir entre la variedad como una fuente de desbordamientos de conocimiento regionales, llamados externalidades Jacobs, y la variedad como una cartera que protege una región de choques externos. Sostenemos que las externalidades Jacobs se miden mejor según la variedad relacionada (dentro de los sectores), mientras que el argumento de la cartera se capta mejor con una variedad no relacionada (entre sectores). Para calcular la variedad relacionada y la variedad no relacionada, introducimos una metodología basada en las medidas de entropía. Usando datos en el nivel NUTS 3 en los Países Bajos para el periodo 1996–2002, observamos que las externalidades Jacobs aumentan el crecimiento de empleo mientras que la variedad no relacionada desestimula el crecimiento de desempleo. El crecimiento de productividad puede explicarse mediante determinantes tradicionales incluyendo las inversiones y los gastos en I + D. También explicamos las implicaciones para la política regional.

Variedad; Crecimiento; Externalidades Jacobs; Economías de aglomeración; Desbordamiento; Entropía

Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the Ministry of Economic Affairs, the Netherlands, as part of a research programme on ‘Space and Productivity’. The authors thank Herm van der Beek, Ron Boschma, Stefano Breschi, Paul Cheshire, Henri de Groot and Jacco Hakfoort for helpful comments on earlier versions of the paper. They also thank Bart Los for the data on technological similarity between sectors. The usual caveats apply.

Notes

1. For a review of empirical studies on variety and regional growth, see Dissart Citation(2003) and Frenken et al. Citation(2004).

2. Outliers were identified by initial z-values > 3 in absolute terms. Corrections were carried out by: (1) in a first stage excluding the outlier when computing z-values – allowing variation in the remaining non-outlier observations; and (2) in a second stage incorporating the outliers with a relative high value in the data set (the outliers do measure reality, and should not be completely excluded from analyses).

3. The regressions with the specialization measure proposed by Glaeser et al. Citation(1992) were also run using a classification into four sectors: industrial activities; distribution and transport services; consumer services; and producer services. These measures never turned out to be significant (Frenken et al. Citation2004).

4. This may point to endogeneity.

5. Sensitivity was also tested for higher-order contiguity spatial dependence and for first- and second-order inverse distance weights using physical distances (km) – and none of these spatial weight formulations captured spatial dependence significantly better.

6. According to the Lagrange Multiplier test for spatial lag dependence, a spatial lag specification of model (2) in would be appropriate. However, such a model suffers from heteroskedasticity, for which no appropriate instruments could be constructed.

7. The first-order contiguity matrix was used to calculate WA values in Spacestat (Anselin, Citation1988). It is important to note though that the window average of entropy values (used to indicate unrelated and related variety) and the Los-index cannot be computed as the average of a region and its neighbours because these indices reflect a qualitative state of the economy rather than a quantitative value. When distributions are aggregated across regions, the window average entropy is to be computed from the newly obtained frequency distribution at the supra-regional level.

8. Methodological progress in measures of variety and relatedness has been made by Siegel et al. Citation(1995), Verspagen Citation(1997), Wagner Citation(2000), and Breschi et al. Citation(2003). These methodologies, however, are demanding in terms of the data required.

9. The authors recognize that related variety creates more knowledge spillovers in some sectors than in others.

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