Multiple Job-holding among Male Workers in Greece

Abstract

Livanos I. and Zangelidis A. Multiple job-holding among male workers in Greece, Regional Studies. This paper studies the incidence of multiple job-holding in Greece and contributes to the literature by examining its determinants, its variance across different regions, and the effect of the business cycle on its occurrence. The empirical analysis highlights the importance of both pecuniary and non-pecuniary motives behind multiple job-holding, and reveals significant variations in its incidence across regions, with areas that have a large primary sector having higher multiple job-holding rates. Finally, multiple job-holding is found to be pro-cyclical, with the probability of holding a second job estimated to increase during economic expansion.

Livanos I. et Zangelidis A. Les emplois multiples masculins en Grèce, Regional Studies. L'article cherche à étudier la fréquence des emplois multiples en Grèce et contribue à la documentation en examinant ses déterminants, sa variance à travers les diverses régions, et l'impact du cycle économique. L'analyse empirique souligne l'importance des raisons pécuniaires et non-pécuniares qui expliquent les emplois multiples, et laisse voir des variations non-négligeables de sa fréquece à travers les régions, dont les zones dotées d'un grand secteur primaire ont des taux d'emplois multiples plus élevés. Pour conclure, les emplois multiples s'avèrent procycliques, avec la probabilité que les emplois multiples augmentent en période de croissance économqiue.

Emplois multiples Grèce Régions Cycle économique

Livanos I. und Zangelidis A. Mehrfachbeschäftigung unter männlichen Arbeitnehmern in Griechenland, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir die Inzidenz der Mehrfachbeschäftigung in Griechenland und ergänzen die Literatur durch eine Analyse ihrer Determinanten und Varianz in verschiedenen Regionen sowie der Auswirkung des Geschäftszyklus auf ihre Häufigkeit. In der empirischen Analyse zeigt sich die Bedeutung von sowohl finanziellen als auch nichtfinanziellen Motiven für Mehrfachbeschäftigung; ebenso lassen sich signifikante Schwankungen der Inzidenz in verschiedenen Regionen feststellen, wobei der Anteil der Mehrfachbeschäftigten in Regionen mit großem Primärsektor höher ausfällt. Ebenso erweist sich die Mehrfachbeschäftigung als prozyklisches Phänomen; die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer zweiten Beschäftigung erhöht sich den Schätzungen zufolge in einer Zeit der wirtschaftlichen Expansion.

Mehrfachbeschäftigung Griechenland Regionen Geschäftszyklus

Livanos I. y Zangelidis A. El pluriempleo entre trabajadores varones en Grecia, Regional Studies. En este artículo analizamos la incidencia del pluriempleo en Grecia y contribuimos a la literatura al examinar sus determinantes, su varianza en las diferentes regiones y el efecto del ciclo comercial en su incidencia. El análisis empírico destaca la importancia de los motivos pecuniarios y no pecuniarios detrás del pluriempleo e indica variaciones significativas de la incidencia en las regiones: las áreas que tienen un gran sector principal tienen tasas más altas de pluriempleo. Finalmente, se observa que el pluriempleo es procíclico, y se estima que la probabilidad de tener un segundo empleo aumenta durante una fase de expansión económica.

Pluriempleo Grecia Regiones Ciclo comercial

Keywords:

• Multiple job-holding
• Greece
• Regions
• Business cycle

JEL classifications:

• J22
• R23

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the two anonymous referees for their useful and constructive comments. The views expressed in this paper are solely of the authors and any remaining error remains their responsibility alone.

Notes

See http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2002/09/feature/gr0209104f.htm/.

The exception is the early work of Damianakos (1986), Kasimis (1986), Efstratoglou-Todoulou (1989, 1990), and Daouli and Demoussis (1995) who investigated multiple job-holding in the agricultural sector.

The observed differences in the unemployment rate per region and over time are partly verified by performed tests of equality. In particular, the differences in the average regional unemployment rate are statistically significant in Western Macedonia, Peloponnese, Northern Aegean, Southern Aegean, and Crete when compared with the rest of Greece (for example, average unemployment in Western Macedonia compared with the average unemployment rate in the rest of Greece). Similarly, the differences in the average yearly unemployment rate in 1999, 2000, 2003, and 2004 are statistically different when compared with the average of the rest of the years (for example, average unemployment in 1999 compared with the average unemployment rate in the years 2000–2004).

For a description of ESYE's weighting procedures, see Eurostat (2006).

See http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/emire/GREECE/HIDDENECONOMY-GR.htm/.

For example, in the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), the relevant question is ‘Do you earn any money from (a second job) odd jobs or from work that you might do from time to time (apart from your main job)?’.

Women's decision to hold a second job is a more complex issue to examine since it requires controlling for their labour market participation overall and also their role in the household before being able to make inference of their motives behind multiple job-holding. Restrictions in the data available to the authors do not allow the identification of valuable household characteristics (for example, a spouse's employment status). As a result, female individuals are excluded from the analysis.

The regression analysis was also repeated for a sample of full-time workers only, and the results (available from the authors upon request) remained fairly similar with this sample restriction imposed.

The authors would like to thank an anonymous referee for this useful suggestion.