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Original Articles

Labour Market Externalities and Regional Growth in Sweden: The Importance of Labour Mobility between Skill-Related Industries

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Pages 1669-1690 | Received 29 Aug 2011, Accepted 07 Nov 2013, Published online: 16 Jan 2014
 

Abstract

Boschma R., Eriksson R. H. and Lindgren U. Labour market externalities and regional growth in Sweden: the importance of labour mobility between skill-related industries, Regional Studies. This study investigates the relationship between labour market externalities and regional growth based on real labour flows. In particular, it tests for the importance of labour mobility across so-called skill-related industries between 435 four-digit industries within 72 Swedish functional regions (1998–2002). Both the fixed-effect models and generalized method of moments (GMM) estimates demonstrate that a strong intensity of intra-regional labour flows between skill-related industries impacts positively on regional productivity growth, but less so on employment growth. Labour mobility between unrelated industries tends to dampen regional unemployment growth while a high degree of intra-industry labour flows is only found to be associated with rising unemployment.

Boschma R., Eriksson R. H. and Lindgren U. 瑞典的劳动市场外部性与区域成长:技术相关产业之间劳动力流动的重要性,区域研究。本文根据实际的劳动力流动,探讨劳动市场外部性与区域成长之间的关联性。本研究特别在瑞典的七十二个功能区域(1998-2002)内的四百三十五个四位数产业中,测试在技术相关的产业间劳动力流动的重要性。固定效应模型与广义矩阵估计法(GMM)的评量,皆証实了在技术相关的产业之间,强劲的区内劳动力流动程度,对于区域生产力的成长有着正面的影响,但对就业成长的影响则非如此。不相关的产业间的劳动力流动,倾向抑制区域的失业率成长,但产业内部的高度劳动力流动,却仅发现与增加中的失业率有关。

Boschma R., Eriksson R. H. et Lindgren U. Les externalités du marché du travail et la croissance régionale en Suède: l'importance de la mobilité du travail entre des industries reliées par les compétences essentielles, Regional Studies. À partir des flux reels de main-d'oeuvre, cette étude examine le rapport entre les externalités du marché du travail et la croissance régionale. En particulier, à travers les soi-disant industries reliées par les compétences essentielles, on détermine l'importance de la mobilité du travail entre 435 industries à quatre chiffres à l'intérieur de 72 régions fonctionnelles (de 1998 à 2002). Les estimations qui proviennent à la fois des modèles à effets fixes et de la méthode des moments généralisée (MMG) démontrent qu'une intensité des flux de main-d'oeuvre intrarégionaux entre les industries reliées par les compétences essentielles influence positivement la croissance de la productivité régionale, mais moins sur la croissance de l'emploi. La mobilité du travail entre les industries non connexes a tendance à atténuer la croissance du chômage régional alors qu'un niveau élevé des flux de main-d'oeuvre intra-industriels se rapporte seulement à une hausse du chômage.

Boschma R., Eriksson R. H. und Lindgren U. Arbeitsmarktexternalitäten und regionales Wachstum in Schweden: die Wichtigkeit der Mobilität von Arbeitskräften in wissensbezogenen Branchen, Regional Studies. In dieser Studie untersuchen wir auf der Grundlage echter Wanderungsströme von Arbeitskräften die Beziehung zwischen Externalitäten des Arbeitsmarkts und dem regionalen Wachstum. Insbesondere überprüfen wir die Bedeutung der Mobilität von Arbeitskräften zwischen verschiedenen sogenannten wissensbezogenen Branchen anhand von 435 vierstelligen Branchen in 72 schwedischen Funktionalregionen (1998–2002). Sowohl die Festeffektmodelle als auch die Schätzungen durch die verallgemeinerte Momentenmethode (GMM) beweisen, dass sich eine starke Intensität intraregionaler Wanderungsströme von Arbeitskräften zwischen verschiedenen wissensbezogenen Branchen positiv auf das Wachstum der regionalen Produktivität, weniger aber auf das Wachstum des Beschäftigungsniveaus auswirkt. Die Mobilität von Arbeitnehmern zwischen nicht verwandten Branchen wirkt sich tendenziell dämpfend auf das Wachstum der regionalen Arbeitslosigkeit aus, während nach unseren Ergebnissen ein hohes Maß an Wanderungsströmen von Arbeitskräften innerhalb einer Branche nur mit erhöhter Arbeitslosigkeit einhergeht.

Boschma R., Eriksson R. H. y Lindgren U. Externalidades del mercado laboral y crecimiento regional en Suecia: la importancia de la movilidad laboral entre empresas relacionadas con el conocimiento, Regional Studies. Basándonos en los flujos reales de mano de obra, en este estudio investigamos la relación entre las externalidades del mercado laboral y el crecimiento regional. En particular, comprobamos la importancia de la movilidad laboral en la denominadas empresas relacionadas con el conocimiento a partir de 435 industrias de cuatro dígitos en 72 regiones funcionales de Suecia (1998–2002). Tanto los cálculos de modelos de efectos fijos como los del método generalizado de momentos demuestran que una intensidad fuerte de flujos laborales intra-regionales entre las industrias relacionadas con el conocimiento tiene un efecto positivo en el crecimiento de productividad regional, pero menos en el crecimiento de empleo. La movilidad laboral entre las industrias no relacionadas tiende a amortiguar el crecimiento del desempleo regional mientras que observamos que un alto nivel de flujos laborales dentro de una industria solo viene acompañado de un aumento del paro.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are very grateful to Frank Neffke and Martin Henning for providing the data concerning the degree of skill relatedness between each pair of industries in Sweden. The usual disclaimers apply.

Funding

Rikard H. Eriksson and Urban Lindgren acknowledge the financial support from the Swedish Research Council [grant number 421-2010-1597]. Ron Boschma acknowledges the financial support of the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 [grant number SSH-CT-2010-266959] for the research project ‘Policy Incentives for the Creation of Knowledge: Methods and Evidence’ (PICK-ME) within the context Cooperation Program/Theme 8/Socio-economic Sciences and Humanities (SSH).

Notes

1. Regional employment is defined as the number of persons actively participating in the labour market; while unemployment is defined as the number of persons registered as active job-seekers (officially unemployed) at the Swedish Public Employment Service (Arbetsförmedlingen).

2. For example, all mobility flows are defined as a change in workplace between t –1 and t 0 and the change in all the dependent variables are measured between t 0 and t 1. This is done to separate performance-enhancing voluntarily job moves from the forced job moves that tend to be induced by changes in workplace performance.

3. Not reported but available from the authors upon request. By investigating the standard errors in each model, this seems to be particularly the case in the productivity model in . However, these estimates remained robust also through the stepwise procedure.

4. All mobility indicators together with density are considered endogenous, while investment, the LQ:s and NetMig are considered predetermined. For the endogenous variables, the second lag is used as instrument, and for the predetermined the first lag (Roodman, Citation2006). All time dummies are considered purely exogenous. Due to the few number of available years and the large number of instruments in comparison with the observations, deeper lags could not be included since these would decrease the sample size considerably. It also makes the system-GMM less appropriate to use since it requires more instruments. Both the use of deeper lags as well as employing a system-GMM in this case failed to produce any significant estimates.

5. For instance, the negative influence of UnrelVar on employment growth is found during the growth period before the year 2000.

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