ABSTRACT
This paper analyzes the changes in spatial–temporal job accessibility by car in the Netherlands during the economic crisis (2009–14). It also assesses which component change is the most determinant in accessibility changes per municipality and part of the day. The paper shows that changes in job distribution reduced accessibility in almost the entire country, except around Amsterdam. Improvements in the road network capacity increased accessibility in the central provinces, particularly during peak hours. In summary, the values of job accessibility by car in the Netherlands became more transport dependent, except in the Amsterdam region.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are very grateful to the peer reviewers, whose most welcome comments improved the clearness and utility of this paper.
DISCLOSURE STATEMENT
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
ORCID
Borja Moya-Gómez http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0520-039X
Karst T. Geurs http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0918-8903
Notes
1. ‘Active population includes both employed (employees and self-employed) and unemployed people, but not the economically inactive, such as pre-school children, school children, students and pensioners’ (EUROSTAT, Citation2014).
2. Municipality delimitations in 2010.
3. See the third section.
4. See the fourth section.
5. Residential zone: the jobs/population ratio is < 2.2 (it is the 95th percentile) and there are at least 0.5 jobs in services sector/inhabitant. The average for 2009 is 0.4932 jobs/inhabitant.
6. FRC definitions: 0: Motorway, freeway, or other major road; 1: Major road less important than a motorway; 2: Other major road; 3: Secondary road; 4: Local connecting road; 5: Local road of high importance; 6: Local road; 7: Local road of minor importance; 8: Other roads.
7. The previous log-logistic impedance-decay function was rewritten in order to avoid some logarithm conceptual limitations.
8. These days were chosen because they had the worst job accessibility values at both peaks. For the figures for every weekday and a table with weighted averages at the Dutch level, see Appendix A in the supplemental data online.