Sarcoid tumours in Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra) populations in South Africa: a review of associated epidemiology, virology and genetics

Abstract

Epizootics of bovine papillomavirus-induced sarcoid tumours have been reported in a few endangered and isolated Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra) populations in South Africa. Sarcoid tumour in equines and other papillomavirus diseases in animals and humans have been correlated to genetic factors coded by genes within the major histocompatibility complex and other regions. This review recounts the history of inbreeding in the diseased populations and summarises research indicating loss of fitness and immunity in inbred populations. The propensity of papillomavirus to take advantage of lowered immunity levels in multiple species is reviewed. While the affected zebra populations offer a unique opportunity for investigations on the epidemiology, virology and genetics of sarcoid tumours, conservation officials face a daunting task in managing disease in these populations while maintaining their viability.