Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Associated Upper Gastrointestinal Lesions in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: Relationships to Gastric Histology, Helicobacter pylori Infection, and Other Risk Factors for Peptic Ulcer

Abstract

Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are risk factors for peptic ulcer in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, but the contribution of reactive gastritis, concomitant Helicobacter pylori infection, or RA activity to NSAID ulcer pathogenesis is unknown. Methods: Ninety-six RA patients taking NSAIDs and dyspeptic sex- and age-matched control patients without NSAID use or an RA diagnosis were enrolled in the study. Results: Gastric ulcer (GU) was detected in 29 (30%) RA patients and 3 control patients (P < 0.001). Sixteen RA patients and no control patient had an H. pylori-negative GU. The GUs of the RA patients were mainly located in the prepyloric region (28%) and antrum (62%). Nine of the 29 RA patients (31%) with GU had more than 1 ulcer. Erosive gastropathy was detected in 34 (71% H. pylori-negative) RA patients and in 13 (62% H. pylori-negative) control subjects (P < 0.001). Chronic gastritis was observed in 65 RA patients (48% H. pylori-negative) and in 58 control subjects (43% H. pylori-negative) (NS), whereas reactive gastritis was found in only 2 RA patients and in none of the controls. Corticosteroid use was the only independent risk factor for GU: odds ratio was 6.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.3-36.0). The prevalences of duodenal ulcer or esophagitis were not increased in RA patients. Conclusions: RA patients using NSAIDs continuously are at a greatly increased risk of developing both H. pylori-negative and -positive GUs, and corticosteroid use is an independent risk factor for ulcer development. Most RA patients have chronic gastritis, whereas reactive gastritis is rarely associated with continuous NSAID use in RA patients.